Labpaq Scientific Method Essay - 1164 Words

The Scientific Method Portland Community College Staff* Version 42-0207-00-01 Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. obseRvations Data Table 1: Making Observations | Procedure†¦show more content†¦The pieces were clearer and sharper looking than the original rock salt. 2. Describe the initial observations made when several drops of water were added to few particles rock salt and the observations made several minutes later. Initially, the rock salt partially dissolved in the drops of water. After several minutes, the salt was more dissolved, but had not completely dissolved. There were very fine grains of salt that were visible at the base of the water bubble that hadn’t dissolved. 3. In light of these observations, what can be concluded about salt? Salt can be broken down and dissolved by water, but not in high concentrations. C. Do all the grains of sand look like they are made out of the same material? No. 1. Propose a hypothesis to explain the observed appearance of sand. Sand is a conglomeration of rocks and stones that have been broken down into sediments. 2. Describe what was initially observed when several drops of water were added to several grains of sand and the observations made several minutes later. Initially, when water was added to sand, the sand was unchanged. After several minutes, the sand continued to appear unchanged. 3. In light of these observations, what can be concluded about sand? Sand cannot be dissolved into water. D. The water and oil acted differently on the reaction surface. Propose a hypothesis that explains the different behavior ofShow MoreRelatedEssay scientific method1136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿LAB 1 – THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD *Adapted from LabPaq CK-GCC Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to learn about and use the Scientific Method. The discussion of physical properties such as density, color, texture, smell, and solubility will take place. Observations and Experimental Data: Table 1: Making Observations Procedure Observation A. Torn paper Vertical tear: easier to tear, more visible fibers, more jagged edges and uneven tear. Horizontal tear: harder to tearRead MoreEssay Laboratory: Left-handedness and Experiment2540 Words   |  11 PagesCollege Science MajorFirst Semester COPY OR SAVE TO A WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM to fill out and hand in to your instructor Name:: October 4, 2012 On which page of the complete LabPaq manual does The Cycle of Scientific Inquiry figure appear? Answer: Page 3 LABORATORY 1 Work Area:Research and The Scientific Method Exercise 1-1: The Dominant Thumb Experiment: Results: During the background examination of the literature, what was discovered about what is already known concerning thisRead MorePolitical Science Essay18429 Words   |  74 PagesBiology LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@HOLscience.com / www.HOLscience.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the independent Study of general Biology 50-0053-BK-02 LabPaq ® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole useRead MoreEssay about Basic Chemistry for Investigating Living Systems7868 Words   |  32 Pagesstarches, and lipids; to identify the roles of molecular components in living systems; to comprehend the value of using a systematic approach to research; and to describe why hypotheses, controls, standards, and quality control are important in scientific research (Vorndam, 2002, p. 92). Basic Chemistry for Investigating Living Systems Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to explain how colorimetry can be used to qualitatively detect cellular chemical components; to chemically differentiate

Yoga Helps with Ptsd - 1176 Words

Breathing-Based Meditation Decreases Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in U.S. Military Veterans: A Randomized Controlled Longitudinal Study Beverly Hinderliter A growing body of evidence suggests meditation-based interventions have the potential to reduce symptoms and improve well-being (Marchand, 2013 for review; Mitchell et al., 2014). The Stanford University study entitled Breathing-Based Meditation Decreased Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in U.S. Military Veterans: A Randomized Controlled Longitudinal Study explores the effects of Sudarshan Kriya yoga, a meditation-based therapy, on U.S. military veterans with PTSD symptoms having served in Iraq and Afghanistan. â€Å"We selected Sudarshan Kriya yoga because it has†¦show more content†¦These criteria account for the controlled nature of the study. A total of twenty-one people were selected. An effective computer-generated randomization list was then used for the intake process to assign qualifying participants to each group: the control group and the group doing Sudarshan Kriya yoga, observed over seven days. Varying factors among groups, such as combat exposure, age, education, and ethnicity were similar and seemingly even spread throughout. The sample of veterans is adequate in the sense that it is random and controlled, so there is a variety of real-life PTSD veterans from the field with different experiences and matching criteria being studied. Ideally, there’d be more than twenty-one participants in order to have a better representation of the veteran population but it was probably difficult to retrieve without effecting the quality of the study. The sample is also adequate because all controlled eligibility factors were proven during the screening process (substance use, age, etc.). The results showed that there is a relationship between time spent doing breathing-based meditation and decrease in PTSD symptoms, but this doesn’t account for all other factors that could effect lowered PTSD symptoms during the study or how the men experienced the yoga. Therefore, this is a correlational study, not a causal experiment. It can probably be assumed that this therapy helps a variety of male veterans decrease their PTSD symptoms, but does notShow MoreRelatedPtsd Research Paper1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe Perceptions and Treatment of PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has severely affected the lives of countless military veterans throughout the years. Consequently, there likely are many more PTSD cases that exist and go unreported, or misdiagnosed due to misconceptions when reported (Samuelson, Bartel, Jordan, Valadez, 2017). To this extent, I am going to discuss my views on two articles. The first article explains the patient’s perceptions of PTSD symptoms. The second article explainsRead MoreSoldiers and PTSD Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesare both unique and difficult†. Hence, it is not surprising that soldiers returning from a stressful war environment often suffer from a psychological condition called Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. This paper provides a historical perspective of PTSD affecting soldiers, and how this illness has often been ignored. In addition, the this paper examines the cause and diagnosis of the illness, the changes of functional strengths and limitations, the overal l effects this disease may have on soldiersRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1275 Words   |  6 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be defined as â€Å" a complex disorder in which a person’s memory, emotional responses, intellectual process, and nervous system have been disrupted by one or more traumatic experiences†(Swan Persis, 2016). It is trauma and stressor related, a disorder that depends on a factor outside a person. Types of events that can lead to the development of PTSD include physical assault, rape and sexual assault, military combat, torture, mass violence, natural disastersRead MoreIdentifying The Individuals Who Will Be Involved1209 Words   |  5 PagesIdentifying the individuals who will be involved: The individuals involved are male and female military services members who exhibit symptoms of PTSD. These members can be age 18 years old – 70 years old. Assess the needs of those involved: When dealing with PTSD, it is important that the disorder is recognized in order to have effective treatment. Recognition can occur by primary care physician, in general hospital setting, mental health evaluation, screening and assessment after deploymentRead MoreThe Lord Is My Rock, My Fortress And My Deliverer1161 Words   |  5 Pagesall, like sheep, have gone astray, each of us has turned to our own way; and the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all. It is so easy to give up on what you are working towards, especially if it is difficult. Those who experience PTSD turn back to depression, drugs, alcohol, and other harmful self-destructing outlets. Although we do not know how Matthew s story ended, we do know he took his wife s advice and sought out treatment for his problems. He had to if he wanted things to get betterRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1062 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD History, Diagnosis, Presentation and Neurology and EEG and treatment Even though traumatic experiences were first discussed in the context of patients with hysteria , which had both psychological and somatic symptoms, by Freud, William James, and Pierre Janet, it was not until World war I that trauma was identified as a factor in mental health disorders by the professional mental health community. (Herman, 1997).Post-traumatic Stress Disorder was first incorporatedRead MoreA Longitudinal Analysis Of Diet Quality Scores981 Words   |  4 Pages2016. A federal survey was conducted to find that in the USA one third of adults and twelve percent of children use alternative medicine. The most commonly used forms of alternative medicine found through this survey were acupuncture, herbal remedies, yoga, and vitamins/supplements. Several people in the article told their opinion on alternative medicine which is irrelevant but they made the comment that such fields should be further examined for accurate facts of their effectiveness and for what theyRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Physical Health1655 Words   |  7 Pagesregular bedtime routine to maximize relaxation and decrease mentally demanding work. As well as incorporating relaxation techniques, laughter therapy, massages and yoga—which is one of the most therapeutic cleansing techniques—to help clear the mind and filter out negative energy or stressors that can take a drastic toll on the body. Seeking help or counseling is also a great coping strategy— resea rchers Keo and Craigie (2013) of Evaluating students interpreters’ stress and coping strategies suggests.Read MoreThe Treatment Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder1174 Words   |  5 Pagesposttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military members. In addition to considerations of effectiveness, clinicians should consider access to services, availability, training and patient preferences when choosing an evidence-based treatment option. Early intervention after exposure to trauma may prevent the development of PTSD. Evidence suggests that brief (four to five sessions) cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that includes an exposure-based therapy component may help prevent PTSD. Group interventionsRead MoreEndorphins : A Popular Topic With Brain And Someone s Mood1290 Words   |  6 Pagesnot released when witting on the couch. Exercise also helps to create a high content of other chemicals in the brain, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, all which regulate the body and brain in different ways (Collins). Serotonin livens a person’s mood, while also helping to regulate sleep, develop their memory and learning abilities, and create or maintain certain social behaviors (Bouchez). Increased levels of these chemicals help people with mental illnesses respond to stressful situations

Juan Gris Essay Example For Students

Juan Gris Essay Juan Gris Juan Gris was born in 1887. He was a Spanish born French painter who went to the cubist school. Originally his name was Jose Vittoriano Gonzalez, he was born in Madrid and educated there. He left Madrid in 1906 and went to Paris, making the acquaintance of Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and of the French painter Georges Braque. Griss first cubist paintings, generally more calculated than those of Picasso and Braque, appeared in 1912. He spent the next summer in C?et, France, with Picasso, and while there adopted the use of papier coll? shapes cut from paper and glued to the canvas. During World War I (1914-1918) he worked in Paris he had his first one-man exhibition in Paris in 1919. From 1922 to 1924 he designed settings for two ballets of the Russian producer Sergey Diaghilev, Les tentations de la berg?e (The Temptations of the Shepherdess) and La colombe (The Dove), as well as continuing work on his own paintings. After 1925 he worked mainly on gouaches, watercolors, and i llustrations for books. Some of his famous works include Portait of Josee, The Table and The Open window. Portrait of Josette was created in 1916 and is now in the Musea del in Prado, Madrid. This was deffinetly one of Griss greatest achievements. The portrait of Josette is based on his studies after Corot and Cezanne. To perfection he seemed to create a stunning mixture of the foreground and the background. This beauty is accomplished through color patterns that ensemble different spatial planes. The blacks which are used around the bosom, butox and leg are used to enhance this womens shapely figure. The transparency does not result in an illusion of depth instead it acts as something to join the planes together. The table was created in Spring of 1914. Today it is located in Philadelphia in the Museum of Art. The surfaces of collages such as The Table are nearly entirely covered with a wide variety of overlapping papers. These fragments, moreover, are now deployed in increasingly complex ways: the shape of a piece of paper may correspond to the shape of the depicted object or it may it self provide a ground for figuration, whether drawn, painted, or in the form of additional, superimposed collage elements. And Gris continued to appropriate materials for their literal representational function as mere images, as he had in his earliest collages. In The Table, for example, Gris glued a page of a detective novel to his drawing of an open book and part of a real newspaper headline to his canvas in hope of imitating these images with pencil or paintbrush. But these collage elements also take on a metaphoric value: the spectators attempt to distinguish the true and the false (alluded to in the newspaper clipping) from the myriad paradoxical and contradictory clues contained in the collage may be compared (not without some humor) to the investigative work of the detective in the novel. Whereas Picasso had demonstrated the multiplicity of ways in which the material aspect of a signifier is not transparent to its signified, Gris sought to show the coincidence of substance a nd meaning. For Gris, the transparency of glass was embodied (rather than arbitrarily signified) in the transparency of a paper whose two faces had merged and become one. Transparency, however, is always contingent on the.. presence of light. Gris made this clear in The Table by dividing his composition into two, antithetical zones a dark blue and black peripheral zone is spotlighted by an oval field in the center. The projecting edges of the rectangular table in all four corners of the canvas have been constructed by pasting thin paper to the canvas ground and then painting both the paper and remaining canvas with the same dark blue paint. Shading, executed in charcoal over the paint, brings these nearly obliterated differences in texture to the threshold of visibility. In dramatic contrast, the golden tonality that pervades the central oval allows for a wide range of differences in material textures, patterns, weight, and color as well as subtleties of drawing to be perceived. .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .postImageUrl , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:hover , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:visited , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:active { border:0!important; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:active , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Journey Towards Maturity And Identity EssayIn The Table, Gris represents the still life table as both an upright oval, which coheres to the vertical plane of the canvas, and as a rectangular table receding in depth. Although the disparity in point of view might be explained as an attempt to give the spectator more information about the table than a single view could provide, the contradiction between an oval and a rectangular table can only work to undermine the spectators confidence that any information at all about the table has been provided. This opposition, long central to Picassos still lives, Gris adapted to good effect in The Table, although in doing so he gave i t a new burden of meaning: the metaphorical opposition between a realm of shadows and a realm filled with light. In 1921 The Open Window was created and today is part of the M.Meyer collection in Zurich. Living beside the sea at Bandol in 1921, Gris had diverse reactions to the setting. It was sinister, beautiful, and sad. So moved was he that the theme of the open window dominated his production that year. In the first of these works, The Open Window, Gris returned to the metaphoric conception of Place Ravignan. That is, the interior and exterior spaces are distinct. Instead of a still life before a window, however, Gris discovered an archetypical subject for him, the musical instrument before nature. Though no text exists to make this combination a conventionally recognized allegory, the two principal components have long traditions in art history and in Griss own evolution. We may, thus, speak of a private system of symbols in this case. Again, Griss friendship with Matisse may h ave intervened, for until the later paintings of 1917, an instrument before a window did not exist in the history of the window motif in art, although it was hinted at in allegories of the senses. The interior, characterized by music, is evocative of the human world of art and intellect. The landscape has direct, visual, and sensuous qualities typical of nature. There is perhaps implicit a yearning for that natural simplicity. Potential for a merger is shown by the rhythmic repetition of curves in the guitar and mountains and in the cloud that begins to enter the room. Before this research of Juan Gris I did not realize what a master he was in his creations. It really introduced me to a new form of art. Juan Griss art was different then the other masters I looked at. He uses such originality and perfection in most of his work. This project really opened my eyes to the magnificent world of Juan Gris.

Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities Essay Example

Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities Essay Imagine a world where people give of themselves simply because they want to. Not out of a sense of debt. Or because they want something in return. No ulterior motives. No guilt feelings. Just a desire to give for the sake of giving. Imagine a world where people helping their fellow human beings in distress, and going out of the way to help those in need without expectation of personal gain. Well if youre living in a big and mean city such as Sydney, New York or to that matter in any cities of this present world, it would be really really difficult for you to imagine this kind of world, on the other hand if you were from a rural background or from any of the collectivist cultures, where people have a sense of belongingness toward their society and feel that its their duty to help others without any self gain and due to various other factors discussed in the following essay about why its easier to bear witness to altruistic behaviour in rural places than in cities, imagining this kind of world would not that be that hard, if you were actually from a rural background. Defining altruism: A special form of helping behaviour, sometimes costly, that shows concern for fellow human beings and is performed without expectations of personal gain (Vaughan and Hogg, 2002). Altruism is a subcategory of helping behaviour, and refers to an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another rather than oneself (Batson and Coke, 1981; Macaulay and Berkowitz, 1970). We will write a custom essay sample on Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term altruism comes from an Italian word altrui it was coined by a French philosopher Auguste Comte that meant self-sacrifice for the benefit for others Researchers usually refer to acts that benefit another person as prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour or altruistic behaviour, all though people use these three terms as synonyms these three terms are quite different and distinct. Prosocial behaviour refers to acts that are positively valued by society, Helping behaviour can be defined as an intentional act that benefits another living being or group whereas Altruism refers to an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another rather than oneself. If you are living in a big city, chances are that you may rarely or never bear witness to or be part of these acts. If you were looking at any city of the world the typical characteristics you would note in a city would be huge population, fast and stressful life, high cost of living, long distances to travel, pollution and the most important factor is loss of sense of belongingness, most of the people living in a city would be originally from rural background and in search of better job avenues would have shifted to city few decades back and these people who constitute the majority of the city population dont have this feeling of belongingness, they dont really feel that they are a part of the society and hence whenever a situation arises where others require their assistance they usually turn there back and behave as if nothing happened. Its only during the 1950s social psychologist started doing research into helping behaviour and in the past few decades they have learned a great deal about prosocial and antisocial behaviour. Altruism and prosocial behaviour generated great interest among psychologists and general public and some of the following events provided major impetus to this research, these incidents which shook the major cities of the world such as Kitty Genovese Murder, where a young woman named Catherine Genovese also came to be known as Kitty Genovese who lived in Kew Gardens in the boroughs of Queens in NYC, was sexually molested and murdered in the most gruesome manner by a maniac right outside her apartment, the most disturbing fact was that it in spite of Kitty putting up a struggle for almost half-hour nobody came to her rescue, it took the maniac three attempts to kill her, during the first attempt the murder all most took to heals after Kitty raised an alarm, but the maniac noticed that nobody came to her rescue, this encouraged the maniac to attempt again and again and finally succeeded in sexually molesting and killing her, in that horrible half hour none of the neighbours of Kitty G enovese came to her rescue, several people in her building heard her screams, tenants only peeped at what was happening from the safety of their apartments, the maniac had selected the victim purely at random. The whole event had lasted for around 32 minutes and after about 40 minutes a neighbour of Catherine, named Karl Ross, who lived on the same floor as Catherine called the police only after consulting one of his friends from Nassau County, the cops arrived in two minutes but it was too late, the quickly found Catherines body in the hallway on the first floor. She had been stabbed 17 times. The next day when the police interviewed the areas residents, 38 people openly admitted to hearing the screaming, the had all the time to do something but failed to act, If any one of the 38 witnesses had simply called the police at the first sign of trouble, the victim could have survived, this particular tragic and horrific event received national media attention in America, all asking why none of the neighbours had helped? To which one of the neighbour answered, These things happen every day all over the world,. Similar incidents occur regularly in metropolitan cities, recently a video cameraman captured scenes of apathy among fellow travelers after a train ranover Mahendra Sonawanes left leg when he slipped from an overcrowded train on to the tracks. The 27-year-old lay there for 15 minutes before police arrived to lift him up and take him to hospital. I kept shouting out to people standing on the platform. I pleaded with them to lift me up and put me on the platform but no one listened, Mr Sonawane told BBC News Online. They all kept staring but didnt come to my help. (bbcnews. com, accessed on 8/04) In an another dreadful incident young Jayabala Ashar a college student in a metropolitan city, took a train to go to her college and was travelling in a womens compartment, a drug addict who boarded the train the moment it pulled out of the station, accosted her. When Jayabala courageously refused to give in to the ruffians demand to hand over her bag, he threw Jayabala off the train. She fell on the tracks and the train ran over her lower limbs, changing her life forever. What struck Jayabala the most, as she revealed later, was the indifference of the three women who were in the compartment when she was thrown off the train. Not only did these women not come to her rescue when she was trying to ward off the drug addict, they did not even raise an alarm when she was thrown off the train. As a result, an injured Jayabala was lying on the tracks for about an hour and people were just throwing buckets of water at her from houses nearby the railways tracks and during that dreadful hour and only later few women living in buildings near the tracks came to her rescue. (The Times Of India, Accessed on 8/04). Beginning in April of 1964, New York newspapers printed a series of stories highlighting the apathy and callousness of citizens of New York City. One story, which appeared on June 8 in The Daily News, told of a distraught man who was perched on a 10-story ledge of a Broadway office building. As police tried to talk the man down, a large crowd gathered in the street and chanted, Jump! Jump! When the man was finally pulled off the ledge, the crowd loudly booed the cops (crime libraries, accessed 08/04) But were people in big cities more apathetic, colder and indifferent than others in more rural environments? Or was the Kitty Genovese Syndrome, as some psychologists characterized it, indicative of society as a whole? The answer to this question can be given in the following way as cities keep growing everyday in both area and population enormously there are very few models, in sense individuals who exhibit Altruistic behavior and from whom others can learn to act pro-socially as stated in Vaughan and Hogg(2002) that Modeling is a tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real life or symbolic model and due to stress full and a hectic life in a city there are very few models available, apart from this Vaughan and Hogg(2002) explains us about the social learning theory in which it is stated that human social behavior is not innate but learned from appropriate models, this makes it clear that unless the large cities produces models who exhibit pro-social behavior in large numbers situations like Kitty Genovese murder will keep occurring at regular intervals due to absence of appropriate models in large cities. The cities also exhibit the phenomenon called Bystander Effect. This theory speculates that as the number of bystanders increases, the likelihood of any one bystander helping another decreases. As a result, additional time will pass before anyone seeks outside help for a person in distress. Social psychology research supports the notion that Catherine Genovese had a better chance of survival if she had been attacked in the presence of just one witness. Due to huge population in big cities there is better chance of Bystanders Effect taking place there than anywhere else. Another hypothesis is something called the Diffusion of Responsibility. This is simply a decrease in the feeling of personal responsibility one feels when in the presence of many other people. The greater the number of bystanders, the less responsibility the individual feels. In cases where there are many people present during an emergency, it becomes much more likely that any one individual will simply do nothing. This is a hypothesized cause of the bystander effect. Also in big growing cities people tend to be less pro-social due to the fear of social blunders as given in Vaughan and Hogg(2002) that people dread of acting inappropriately or of making a foolish mistake witnessed by others. The desire to avoid ridicule inhibits effective responses to an emergency by members of a group. Would a situation like the Kitty Genovese murder occur in more collectivist cultures such as Singapore or Hong Kong? In collectivist cultures such as Singapore, Hong Kong, India and others, cases such as the Kitty Genovese murder almost never or rarely occur, this is due to the presence of strong cultural norms and due the ideas imbibed into its people that individuals fate depends on the group, group is responsible for its members, dependency is supported and due to the presence of strong cultural and social norms, Vaughan and Hogg define norms as attitudinal and behavioral uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between group(Vaughan and Hogg,2002). These cultural norms set clear cut guidelines about what behavior is expected or normal and what behavior is abnormal and almost all collectivist cultures have a norm that states that concerns for others is good and that selfishness is bad. The collectivist cultures go against the Bystander calculus model where people of that collectivist cultures never calculate the perceived costs and benefits of providing help compared with those that accrue for not helping. In a collectivist cultures personal costs of not helping is usually very high, and the individuals who tend to just be viewers and dont help the victims in distress can be subjected to criticism and experience extreme blame. Hence due to all the above reasons there is a major rural/urban difference in altruistic behaviours and attitudes.

Tennessee Walking Horse WGC Essay Example

Tennessee Walking Horse WGC Essay Every now and then a special bond occurs between a father and a daughter. It all began when my dad saw a Christmas promotion in the newspaper stating that Lowest home improvement store was giving away Dusty the pony on Christmas Eve, no purchase necessary. Dad was only 9 years old, but he got my grandmother to drop him off at Lowest the morning of the drawing. And the winner of Dusty the pony is Andrew Waiters (my dad)! Dad then got a Job at a Tennessee Walking Horse stable where the owner agreed to board and feed Dusty in exchange for my dads irking at the barn after school. Two years later, the owner took my dad to the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration. It was then that my dad saw Reeves Little Boy crowned World Grand Champion Tennessee Walking Pony. My dad told himself that if he could ever afford a real walking horse, he would want it to be Just like Reeves Little Boy and win the Pony World Grand Championship. When I was around 8 years old, my dad took me to a Walking Horse barn. I loved riding the huge, high stepping show horses, so my dad bought me my first horse. No there thrill topped showing in a ring full of horses with a great audience watching, even though most of the time I came out without a ribbon. More importantly, showing provided a gateway for a father/daughter relationship unlike any other I know. I began to dream about winning a World Grand Championship. After several years, my dad presented me with Prime Polios, a spectacular horse and together we became the leading contenders for the Juvenile World Grand Champion Walking Pony. At the Celebration however, I was disqualified over a minor technicality. To make matters rose, I was the leading contender again the next year, and was once again disqualified for another minor Infraction! Not giving up, I returned to the ring for a third and probably last time. We will write a custom essay sample on Tennessee Walking Horse WGC specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tennessee Walking Horse WGC specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tennessee Walking Horse WGC specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This time, Prime Polios and I won the preliminary class and qualified for the World Grand Championship the following week. As show time arrived, I began to get nervous for the first time since Dad and I began this Journey. Having 30,000+ people watching every move Prime Polios and I made In the ring was quite nerve racking. Prime Polios was spectacular, and I was overwhelmed when I eared the announcer call out The winner of the 2010 World Grand Champion Walking Pony Is Lilly Wallets and Prime Polios! Everything blurred and I could hardly stay on Prime Polios as we made our victory lap to the applause of 30,000 people. Dad understood that my ride on Prime Polios that August night was the fulfillment of my 7-year dream, and I understood that my ride had fulfilled my dads 37-year dream. Two dreams fulfilled with one ride! Tennessee Walking Horse WAC By Toastiest dad presented me with Prime Poison, a spectacular horse and together we became qualified for another minor infraction! Not giving up, I returned to the ring for a third and probably last time. This time, Prime Poison and I won the preliminary class Having 30,000+ people watching every move Prime Poison and I made in the ring was quite nerve racking. Prime Poison was spectacular, and I was overwhelmed when I Walking Pony is . . Lilly Waiters and Prime Poison! Everything blurred and I could hardly stay on Prime Poison as we made our victory lap to the applause of 30,000 Dad understood that my ride on Prime Poison that August night was the

How to write a Theme Based Essay

How to write a Theme Based Essay How to write a Theme Based Essay Writing a theme based essay is all about the theme, as you can guess yourselves. A theme can be taken from a book, story, fable, song, a TV show or even a movie. A theme based essay can be requested to be written either in an elementary school or college. So, how to write a good theme based essay? Writing a theme based essay vital tips First and most important thing is to outline your theme. For example, if you decide to write a theme based essay on â€Å"Game of Thrones† book, you have to outline the most important theme for you. Is it who will become a king or will the Stark family survive? So, first you have to read the book carefully or watch the show, outline the most important topic for you, brainstorm on it and prepare material and quotations to organize your essay. Introduction of a theme essay Begin writing a theme based essay with an introduction. In the introduction part you acquaint the reader with your theme. It is very important to state the theme clearly because you will write the whole essay based on it. If you do not manage to make that then it will be unclear and hollow, and most probably you are going to get a bad grade. So, once again, prepare carefully by analyzing the main problems of the theme you are going to write about. Body paragraph of a theme essay The second part of the essay is the body paragraph. Here you develop your thesis and your theme, after you have clearly stated it above. In that section of the essay again the initial analysis and preparation on the theme is very important. In your body paragraph you define and elaborate on your theme. Here you outline your main points that prove your theme. It is good to have at least three main points that you have found out and you are prepared to write on initially. Example of a Theme Again, if you go back to the Game of Thrones book and choose the theme â€Å"the most suitable person for ruling the seven kingdoms is Daenerys Targaryen†, then you can outline the following three major points: The first one could be that a king/queen must be fair and noble, must protect its people and rule not based on lies and murders. Daenerys Targaryen is fair, brave and she is a mother of the dragons; i.e., the word mother is symbolic. Being a mother means that it is in her nature to protect and supply with the best; in this case, however, that will be not her children but her subjects. The second one could be that she deserved the throne by birth. The third point could be that she holds the power of dragons and they are the ultimate weapon. She would be able to protect her subjects in the best way possible but at the same time she is not fond of violence and always tries to reason peacefully in times of a conflict. A king or queen must realize that his/her kingdom cannot always be at war and people must have the chance to live peacefully and happily. Furthermore, you can elaborate that she cares genuinely for her subjects, threats them like equal and with respect, knows them and lives with them and for them. All those qualities are vital for a good ruler. At the same time you can point that the current king is violent, unjust, cruel and incapable of acting good and noble. Elaborate your points by giving specific examples to strengthen them and use quotations wherever possible. Start each point on a new paragraph, stating your point and strengthening it with your own thoughts, examples and quotations. Conclusion of a theme essay The last paragraph in writing a theme based essay is the conclusion. The conclusion must be strong and you should clearly restate your theme. Finally, pick a strong closing sentence and proofread it, check spelling, grammar mistakes and whether it’s organized logically and clearly.

Love Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Love Case Study - Research Paper Example Therefore, right from the kindergarten days, education system in most countries, where English is most the motive language, focuses on teaching of English as a second language. To determine the stages of reading development, we take Joshua age 15 who is the 6th standard. Joshua is an immigrant to America. Joshua has difficulties in comprehending a written words and his vocabulary is equivalent to a second grader. He is quite eager to learn when we first met him and this enthusiasm can be seen throughout the course. He does not understand most the words and he cannot express himself. He is an eager student and is quite determined to learn English. In his first session the instructor access his English and she finds that his fluency in English is equal to the second grade student. While assessing his language learning vocabulary progress, the instructor assesses the Joshua’s power of vocabulary by observing him closely, and monitors whether his use of technical vocabulary is goo d. This encourages Joshua to identify words that are connected in meaning. The influence of the primary language is always is very strong in Joshua. So when the instructor indicates a word in English, he tries to correlate its meaning in the primary language, the meaning is in one word. The teacher and the student refer dictionary often, to verify the similarities and differences among words in the various languages. The instructor also makes a list of words, to enrich his vocabulary. At first, Joshua struggle, but as it is quite difficult to non native English learners. In addition to assessing vocabulary, the instructor also use traditional means such as multiple choice tests and matching items. Joshua’s reading development can be summarized into three categories – â€Å"Early emergent readers, emergent readers and early fluent reader† (Stages of Development, 2012). While tracing the different strategies in learning vocabulary, the levels of difficulty also va ry. Beginners can only observe things around them and name them, as they are known to them. Students in the secondary stage can describe verbally the meanings of the words in context, as they are more advanced in â€Å"target vocabulary.† The next stage is itch for advanced knowledge and finding related ideas to target vocabularies, using the choicest words.† Word frequency estimates point us to those words that occur most often and are therefore important for students to know. In the first stage, Joshua develops an understanding of the letters. He then understood the lower and upper case as well as their relationship in spoken words. He begins to understand the basic concept of books and prints. He also can recognize the front and back of the book. He also develops the ability to recognize phonemes, syllables and rhymes. In the second stage, which is the emergent stage, Joshua has a strong understanding of letters and sounds. He also begins to understand the phonology as well. He is able to recognize different types of text like – fiction and nonfiction. He also begins to understand that reading is for a purpose. In the second stage of development, children no longer rely on pictures or patterns. They begin to understand many words and are able to identify with the characters in the book. In the third stage, Joshua acquires the stage of early fluent reader. In this stage he is more focused on the comprehension rather than decoding the words. He is able to read more fluently in this stage and he no

Brainscapes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brainscapes - Case Study Example Concentration of sodium (Na+) ions in the intracellular and extracellular space of tissues was the major identifier of hippocampus atrophy (with dead neurons). According to this case, brain tissues showing signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) had dead neurons and appear smaller than usual by expansion of the extracellular space and shrinkage of intracellular space. 2. Expected Sodium Concentration Changes The change of sodium concentration in the hippocampus region is used to differentiate healthy tissues from diseased ones in that unhealthy tissues have shrunk. It follows then that the hippocampus volume or processes are directly correlated with sodium concentration within and without the extracellular and intracellular space. Decreased volume of the hippocampus can possibly occur when neurons inside have died or are not functioning at their optimum levels. One expected change or difference is a difference in concentration of sodium ions in extracellular space and intracellular space commonly called a gradient difference. This differential concentration of sodium gradient normally occurs due to defects of Na+/K+ ATPase pump which may be blocked. Brain tissues afflicted by AD usually have a smaller volume than normal ones and identified by extracellular space that is expanded as well as shrinkage of the intracellular space. 3. Additional Information from Outside Sources Journal Article: Tissue Sodium Concentration in Human Brain Tumors as Measured with 23Na MR Imaging. Sourced from Radiology Journal Journal article: Brain tissue sodium concentration in multiple sclerosis: a sodium imaging study at 3 tesla. Sourced from National Center for Biotechnology Information database Journal Article: Na+ and K+ ion imbalances in Alzheimer's disease. Sourced from National Center for Biotechnology Information database Journal article: Distribution of Brain Sodium Accumulation Correlates with Disability in Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-sectional 23Na MR Imaging Study. Sour ced from Radiology Journal 4. Outside Sources Contribution to the case The source (Ouwerkerk, Ronald, et al.) asserts that the concentration gradient difference of Na in tissues can be used to differentiate healthy tissues from affected one. Another source (Inglese, M., et al.) has findings that mechanisms of injury can be diagnosed through Na magnetic imaging. The third source (Vitvitsky V.M.) is of the opinion that failure of previous research come up with findings on cell homeostasis can be a basis of understanding development and progression of AD. Finally the last source (Zaaraoui, Wafaa, et al.) comes up with the finding that tissue injury can be diagnosed with NA imaging. 5. Case Study Finding that is Consistent with other Sources All the sources normally use differential concentration gradient of sodium in the intracellular space and extracellular space to come up with their findings. In this manner, atrophic tissues are identified from healthy ones after imaging. 6. Inconcl usive information with Sodium Concentration Changes Although using differential concentration to assay for atrophic tissues and organs can be very effective, it can also give wrong misdiagnosis especially when movement of sodium ions is impeded by other factors. For example, there can be sodium ions leakage due to a defective Na+K+ ATPase pump. 7. Resolution of the Case Sodium imaging can be a helpful technique

Apply critical thinking skills and evidence based practice concerning Essay

Apply critical thinking skills and evidence based practice concerning chronic disease in older adults and management of nursing - Essay Example The insulin receptors are unresponsive, a factor that is contributed by genetic predisposition and lifestyle (Spiegel & Hawkins, 2012). Type 2 is the more predominant in the population compared to type 1. The disease can be life threatening if not managed well; however, good management can result into relatively better living. Type 2 diabetes is accompanied by several symptoms. The body is unable to conserve water, a condition that results to polyuria. Because of the uncontrolled sugar levels, high blood sugar results, the individual exhibits a state of reduced consciousness and low blood pressure. In addition, the person produces sugary urine. This situation prompts an individual to develop increased thirst a condition called polydipsia. The disease is also associated with blurred vision, peripheral neuropathy, increased hunger, and gradual weight increase among others. Early detection is very essential for effective management of the disease. Other signs and symptoms that have been identified to accompany the disease include a state of tiredness and lethargy, very slow healing of wounds and cuts, swinging moods, a feeling of dizziness and sometimes headaches (Spiegel & Hawkins, 2012). ... They are also obliged to avoid smoking and taking every prescription faithfully. For low-level production of insulin, the patient can be prescribed to take insulin in order to control insulin levels (Diabetes Australia, 2013). No known cure has been developed for Diabetes type 2. However, some medication is given to reduce the levels of the disease symptoms. Five main classes of drugs have been developed. Firstly, the biguanides are insulin tablets are helpful in reducing the levels of glucose through reducing the levels of stored glucose, increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing the intestinal absorption of glucose. The second category are the thiazolidinediones, these are also insulin tablets that targets the patients’ insulin and activate it. These drugs have been known to target fat and muscle cells. Meglitinides and sulphonylureas are given to patients to stimulate production of insulin by the pancreas hence helping reduce blood sugar levels. Alpha glucosidase inhibito r prevents the digestion and absorption of most of the carbohydrates in the stomach and intestines (Diabetes Australia, 2013). Medical practitioners are required to understand the dynamics of the disease in order to combat it effectively. Regular follow up visits should be done, during the time which the nurse should discourage the patient from smoking, their blood pressure is checked, their weight, a review of the symptoms is done as well as a review of self-monitoring. This review should be done quarterly. Annually, the nurse in charge should conduct a more thorough assessment by checking for any complications, reviewing the goals of management, considering a referral to a specialist and updating the immunization schedule. During these periods, should conduct a full physical

Oscar Niemeyer Design Philosophy

Oscar Niemeyer Design Philosophy Being born as the son of Brazils Federal Prime Minister, Oscar Niemeyer was living in a Portuguese colonial style house with beautiful tropical setting: a wide carriageway, neatly lined with tropical trees, that curves along the broad seawall looking out to the dome of Pao de Acuacar guarding the bays mouth; lawn designed as formal gardens Niemeyer obsessed over the landscape of his motherland Brazil. No matter how different his house designs vary through time, the element of landscape is always strong and evident. This essay focused on Niemeyers house designs. Being an icon of modern architecture, Niemeyer pushed the limit of reinforced concrete and revealed the expressive charm of this artificial material. The contemporary architecture was monotony. Niemeyer wanted to challenge it. Niemeyer is well-known mainly because of his design for some of the most dominant governmental buildings in Brasilia, Brazil. As one of the early pioneers of modern architecture, Niemeyer opened up a unique approach to contemporary architecture using bold free-form curves in design. Some of his house projects were equally powerful in terms of his dramatic application of free-form. But other projects indicate more thoughts in Brazils colonial background and his own formal exploration throughout his career. Niemeyer did a series of house projects with a huge time span from 1936 until now. Among the dozens of house projects, there are extremely luxury houses he designed for wealthiest Brazilians, there area also some house he designed for middle-class friends and family. Niemeyer also designed four houses for himself. One house, Casa das Canoas, was his most published and well-known work. Four houses designed in year 1942, 1949, 1953 and 1960 had varies characters and different concepts. As Niemeyers other house design sometimes have to fulfill his clients requirements, his own house designs seems to be trademarks of his career, evolving through different phases. The first house he designed for himself is located on a sloping site in Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro. Graduated from National Fine Arts School in 1934, Niemeyer was deeply influenced by Le Corbusiers visit to Brazil in 1929. He joined Costas office in 1935, and from 1936-1942, he was working mainly on the Ministry of Education and health Building, on which, Le Corbusier was invited as project consultant. During this period, influence from the modern master was obvious and they got clearly reflected in Niemeyers first house. The three story house was zoned with clear rationality. The main living room and bedrooms are clearly separated from the service area. A set of scissors ramp is just identical as the one appeared in Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye in terms of its function as the only connection between different floors. The rectilinear upper floors sit on columns on the ground floor, with curvilinear walls direct the flow from entrance to garage and later towards the ramp. Horizontal openings on the facade give a clear indication of free elevation. However, the house is not a simple duplication of Le Corbusiers work. Niemeyer started to explore forms and material in the context of Rio, which is a humid tropical Brazilian city. A single direction slanted rooftop deals with the massive rain water during the monsoon season. A veranda on the second floor fully opens to the lake view. The material he used for the elevation is also unique. Different from his later larger public buildings which mainly deals with reinforced concrete, brick and wood was applied as elevation infill. On the top floor, the wall is composed with wood trims originally painted in blue. Wooden louvered panels were added to cover the veranda. Wood was also widely used as the material for interior finishes as well. The symbol of house as a machine, ramp, in Villa Savoye was no longer represented in cold metal frames and concrete finish. It was covered in wooden panels on the side and a wooden frame. On the ground floor, bushes were planted from the irregular sit e boundary towards the hose edge, defined by a hard pavement following the outline of the elevated second floor. In this project, although marks from Le Corbusier are clear through the use of free plan and clear zoning in a house project. Niemeyers awareness of context and site was already obvious. This prototype of dwelling on top of the landscape evolved and became one of the most frequently used prototypes in his later house designs. In 1949, Niemeyer designed another house in Mendes, RJ. The house was built and later demolished. The house has a very dominant feature which was the slanting screens shelter the porches for living room and bedrooms. Different from his first house for himself, this house was located on a flat piece of land with the trees surrounding it and a stream runs in front of it. The setting is purely natural, not urban. The difference in the context led to a very different design solution. The single floor house is organized in a rectilinear order with all the rooms facing the screen and indoor garden in between. Here, a hint can be found between his modernist approach and traditional colonial architecture. The old colonial porch was transformed into a screened indoor garden, blending the artificial indoor and purer nature outside. This became a prototype which the landscape and the artificial indoor environment was articulated on the same level through a buffer garden. In 1953, Niemeyer designed his most published house, Casa das Canoas. The design was open to the world and shocked the audience with its curvilinear roof. Just before the CIAM meet for the first time in Brazil in 1954, the house was finished. Niemeyer faced some of the most dominant figure in modern architecture with their critics on the house. Walter Gropius and Mies van de Rohe were both attracted to its beauty but pointed out the uniqueness of its geometry became he limit that it can not be multipliable. Faithful to his ideology of mixed ancestry and Antropofagist hybridization, Niemeyer proceeded to infect the classical pavilion with the organic, spontaneous architecture of the morros, mixing Western achievements in the field of domestic architecture with tropical exuberance and lessons from Brazils colonial past and popular present. Case das Canoas is one example of Niemeyers treatment of continuity between the interior and exterior. Curve and landscape became the media that he utilized to achieve it. With the irregular curvilinear roof lines, the nature surrounding the house became closer and farther, varies according to the geometry. A large piece of rock placed right at the edge of the glass wall, penetrating the transparent faà §ade and made it even less dominant. The warm wood finish of the interior partition wall conter-balance the rigidity brought by the steel frame of the glass faà §ade. The white ceiling and black floor becomes the frame of the this transition between na ture and artificial. The exploration of the form continued and became more vigorous when he designed an unbuilt house in Tel Aviv, Edmond de Rothschild House. This time with the desert becomes the setting, the free-form geometry was reverted from edge of the house to its inside. A free-form garden is enclosed by a rectilinear volume. Just at the time when Niemeyers free-form house design became a signature image. In 1960, he designed his house in Brasilia in a totally traditional colonial style. It creates a very strong contrast between the ideology of Brazils independence and its colonial historic roots. On the one hand, with the huge governmental projects, Niemeyer was creating the most powerful formal language, trying to declare to the world that Brasilia represents Brazils new future. On the other hand, he showed his respect very thoroughly to the colonial style, honest and modest. The houses feature a covered porch with red-tiled gable roof, whitewhased walls and regularly spaced windows. More houses will be discussed following the category of the four houses Niemeyer designed for himself. These houses includes: Edmundo Cavanelas House Allvorada Palace Carmen Baldo House Burton Tremaine House Weekend house for Juscelino Kubitschek Cavalcanti house Overlaid with the complexities of Brazils history and stratified society, these scenes evoke contradictions that Niemeyers designs have always balanced: natural shapes created by artificial technology, structural logic and ecstatic emotions, simple forms and complex purposes. Niemeyers house design showed his critical thinking and evolving career, just as strong as his public buildings. His public building may be restricted to their formal strength as a responsibility to speak for the nation. However, in his house design, there are clear trademarks of his weighing of traditional vernacular concept and modern formal exploration. Curves in Niemeyers house projects are more utilized as a mean to explore the relationship between nature and artificial, building and landscape, indoor and outdoor etc.

Washington Square :: Essays Papers

Washington Square I’m depressed. Well, how could I not be? I just finished reading Washington Square. I’m happy it’s over, but I’m not happy I finished it. No, that doesn’t make sense does it? Lets just say, I had a feeling how it was going to end up; I just hoped that I would be wrong. Unfortunately the one time I didn’t want to be right I was. Isn’t that the way it always works? I guess so. Catherine, dear plain old, Catherine. Poor girl, father thinks she’s plain, she thinks she’s plain, her aunt thinks she’s plain, even the man who she thinks loves her thinks she’s plain. Although James erases this thought in the beginning of the book I still believe it, â€Å"plain† equals â€Å"ugly†. I feel so bad for her but I guess you had to have what happened to her happen, or else we wouldn’t have such a depressing story. I tell you though, I’m glad my daddy isn’t rich or I would swear off guys as well. I felt so horrible when I knew before her what Morris was like. Which brings me to Morris Townsend. He’s a rat, I smelt a rat from the beginning but I figured it was just because for me guys for the most part are always rats. But of course he was after her money, she was â€Å"plain† and her father was â€Å"rich† no her father wasn’t â€Å"rich†. By god he was rich. So Catherine’s got a big dowry, lots of money, but she’s â€Å"plain†. Oh, well the money will compensate. This shows you the kind of man he is. Well at least it erases the theory that women are gold diggers. James makes the reader dislike Catherine’s father. He makes him seem like an insensitive uncaring prick, but I really don’t think he is. Yes I know parents are supposed to think that their child is the most beautiful thing in the world but hey, that theory’s over rated. It’s not that he didn’t love his daughter; he just knew the truth. He was realistic about the entire idea of this strikingly handsome man falling head over heals in love with his daughter who isn’t the greatest looking chick in the world. Something doesn’t quite fit.

Procter & Gamble: A Company with Global Operations

Procter & Gamble (P&G) is a leading manufacturer of personal and home care products. P&G is an international company that operates in 40 different countries. This paper will examine the environmental factors that affect how effective P&G’s global marketing efforts are. These factors known as environmental forces include social and economic forces, as well as technological, regulatory, and competitive forces.Any business operating internationally is impacted by these environmental factors which affect how the company will market its product. Understanding how these forces impact its operations will help P&G understand the interworkings of the economy both globally and domestically and the trends that currently impact its marketing efforts, which will help P&G, create and successfully implement its marketing plan. Operating Globally:In this day and age, globalization has allowed companies to operate internationally. According to Panayotou (2000), â€Å"Globalization is an on-go ing process of global integration that encompasses economic integration through trade, political interaction, information technology, and culture. Globalization brings people, culture, and information together. Globalization has helped P&G operate globally because it lowers trade barriers and increases the dependence between countries for goods and services, which means there is a bigger market for the goods that companies like P&G offers.Globalization came about as countries saw that other countries could produce products better and cheaper than another country could (comparative advantage), so countries began producing what they had an advantage in and selling it to other countries. This trading of products became an accepted practice and eventually spurred economic growth. This caused countries and  businesses to begin operating in the global market because it allowed companies to tap into this greater demand and new market for goods and services, which would expand their custo mer base and profit potential. Procter & Gamble: The Importance of Demographics & Physical InfrastructureP&G knows that when operating globally the company needs to market its product, and this means you have to have a clear understanding of the market of people that will be using the product. This means understanding the people and their different cultures. Every country has a different culture. Culture tells a story about where people come from, who they are, and what is socially acceptable. Culture affects the way people perceive the world around them, and this means it will affect the way products should be marketed. A significant part of our culture is our background, characteristics, and demographics.Demographics provide vital information about a country’s people. Information about a country's demographics help P&G to determine the right people to market its products to and how to appeal to them in its marketing plan. P&G manufacturers and sells its products world-wide including nations outside North America, Western Europe, Japan and Korea where there is a growing demand for its products. These countries represent places with high populations of people who are aging and take care of themselves, which means they need basic household items which P&G manufacturers such as detergents and grooming products.P&G is well- positioned in the industry segments and markets in which it operates. P&G’s success is a result of its ability to adapt its marketing mix to the standards and culture of the country in which it operates. It does this by having a good understanding of the country’s demographics and its physical infrastructure which help facilitate the development and operations of its companies. A countries physical infrastructure helps marketers determine how products will go from the manufacturer, to retailers, to the customer. Going Global: The Effect of Trade Practices and AgreementsTrade is an integral part of any country’s grow th and stability. Trade is fostered by global economic interdependence and gives counties access to a  wider array of products and services. Over the past decade trade has become global; trade negotiations have expanded to include more countries and are now regulated by international agreements and the World Trade Organization (Boundless, 2013). Trade has created a global economic interdependency. Global economic interdependence illustrates the ideal that no country is completely self-sufficient. â€Å"There is a need for trade among nations for goods and services as well as the resources needed to survive and grow in the global economy† (Nebraska Department of Education, 2013, para1).This means that decisions made in one country will directly affect what happens in another country making countries more susceptible to economic problems. Although, trade increases a country’s wealth trade also leads to inequality which is why countries have trade agreements. Trade agre ements are negotiated by each nation who has their own interests’ in-mind, which means some level of protectionism to protect industries that are essential to that nation (Boundless, 2013). Costs of Operating Globally: Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977Any company with international operations is susceptible to a number of risks. These risks include complying with U.S. laws affecting operations outside of the United States, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The Foreign Corruption Act was developed to eliminate the potential of bribery to foreign officials, thwart money laundering, and reduce corruption and restore confidence in the business system.When operating internationally, companies must abide by several laws and legislation on the local, national, and international level. This is because the company conducts business with other nations and this means abiding by the laws, rules and customs which govern the business transaction between the two nations. Furthe rmore, companies must also take into account that political systems directly influence international relations between nations.This is because each country has it own laws and acceptable business practices. As well as its own political system that determines what a company can do when trying to conduct business in that country. When conducting business with different countries it is important to be aware of its political systems as it determines where products can be marketed and  what laws must be abided by (Chavis, 2013).TechnologyTechnology changes the way companies operate and conduct business. Technology allows companies with international operations to achieve success by allowing them to be innovative. Technology helps companies improve its equipment and manufacturing processes and anticipating consumer acceptance. On a global perspective, technology allows companies to go outside the traditional confines of selling a product and enables them to sell their products virtually anywhere. Technology has influenced every aspect of business from increasing efficiency to providing access to information and changing how companies communicate with their customers. Social Responsibility, Ethics, & Legal Obligations:To be profitable companies must understand that there is more to staying in business than earning a hefty amount of money. Companies must also consider the social implications of their operations. This is especially important for companies operating in the global market because a damaging reputation can impact its sales domestically and internationally. Any company looking to stay in business must abide by the laws and legislation of the company in which it is operating. For example, P&G is subject to tax regulations in the United States and multiple foreign jurisdictions, and it is their responsibility to be aware of any changes in the laws and regulations of these countries.In business, social responsibility and ethics go hand in hand. A company tha t seeks to have a positive impact on society is usually a company that seeks to operate responsibly and in doing so the company upholds the highest moral and ethical standards. Ethics help ensure that companies use good business practices in its operations and help companies fulfill its social responsibility to help improve the lives of its people.For P&G social responsibility and ethics drive the company. P&G is in the business of â€Å"providing products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come† (P&G, 2013, para.2). P&G believes that by being socially responsible, and ethical its â€Å"consumers will reward P&G with leadership sales, profit and value  creation, allowing our people, our shareholders, and the communities in which we live and work to prosper† (P&G, 2013). ConclusionInternational companies understand that success is not just creating an appealing marketing campaig n. To be successful companies have to plan extensively and have a good understanding of the global market. To market a product internationally companies must examine and plan for the environmental factors that influence how effective their global marketing efforts are. In doing so, the company will effectively reach its new market of customers and create a unique position in the minds of its customer which creates brand loyalty, generates sales, and increase profit potential.

Effects of Fuel Prices

Effects of Fuel Prices Introduction Fuel is pivotal in the successful running of any business and especially in the transport industry like the airline industry, which is involved in massive transporting activities. There is no reasonable doubt therefore that high fuel costs have an adverse impact on the running of any organisation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of Fuel Prices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fuel prices have become a challenge in the recent past because they are usually increasing at a speedy and sudden rate. Most often, much focus is placed on the effect of fuel prices on the lives of people. In such a case, people are advised on unnecessary spending by cutting down on fuel costs. Less attention however is placed on the effect of the high fuel prices on organisations, which cannot run without fuel since it facilitates almost all of the operations in any organisation. The airline industry precisely is o verly reliant on fuel and as a result is deemed to be most affected by the high fuel prices. One such airline is the Dnata Company, whose survival is hanging on a thin thread given its current financial crisis. It is very ironical that the United Arab Emirates is the fourth region across Arab high in oil production yet is ranked the third country with high oil prices. The effects of high fuel prices have crippled the prognoses of the Dnata Company as at now attributed to high operational costs in comparison to revenues obtained. Revenues obtained are almost equivalent to the fuel costs. Notwithstanding the high fuel prices, Dnata has managed to survive in business until this far even though many similar companies have collapsed along the way. It is therefore believed that it will still survive this financial ordeal that it is currently experiencing.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of the times when fuel prices are high, the prices imposed on customers escalate as well. However, it is interesting to note that Dnata is still experiencing financial crisis. Apparently, it seems that increasing service prices would not be an ideal remedy due to the triple whammy effect of the high fuel prices. Not only do high fuel prices slow a country’s economic growth and place financial strain on companies, they rob consumers their purchasing power. As a result, business is slow because clients cannot spend much. The situation becomes much worse if the prices are increased. It is intriguing to know that in all these years Dnata has survived in the industry despite the unstable oil prices in UAE. This study will therefore seek to investigate the past performance of Dnata in spite of rapidly increasing fuel prices and compare this past trend with the current situation. Background Dnata is ranked the fourth largest airline company globally th at provides a range of services as shown below. The company handles an estimate of 250 airlines and is operational in 39 countries. It is the number one largest company in as far as travel-management services are concerned. Dnata fulfils the following obligations: catering, provision of cargo, ground handling, sale of air tickets as an agent of other airlines, and information technology services. Dnata was founded in 1959 and merely begun as a small ground handling shop with only two staff members compared with the current 20,000 employees in five continents. It has gradually grown through the years.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of Fuel Prices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been overcoming the hurdles that emerge along the way until the very recent financial crisis, which has been linked to escalating fuel prices. It later expanded in 1970 when it started selling airline tickets. The car go division was formed in 1973 and experienced a boom in 1979. Starting this time, the cargo enjoyed an annual growth of more than 50%. The ticketing division was equally booming such that a new airline centre was opened in 1981 and during this time, it became the largest ticketing operation. A decade later, the 150,000 meter squared Dubai Cargo operation was opened and another decade later (2002), agreements with different carriers were designed and effected. After five years, a joint venture between Toll Holdings and Toll Dnata Airport Services based in Australia was established. This gave Dnata Company an upper lead because this joint venture became the sole ground handling company in Australia. As a company that embraces technology for efficiency, a community-based B2B B2C portal was launched in 2008 to facilitate transactions and thereby serve a wider clientele. Later on in the same year, Dnata opened the DXB terminal 3 to allow the airline to handle baggage for 17,000 passeng ers at a given point in time. Other than the historic transformation into the largest airline company, Dnata Company was able to acquire other small companies. In the year 2009, Dnata acquired Plane Handling Limited, a company that offered ground and cargo handling services at London Heathrow Airport and Manchester Airport respectively. In 2010, the Alpha Flight Group Limited was acquired. The company operated in 11 countries and was a leading in-flight catering company across the globe. It is therefore obvious that Dnata has steadily grown in the past without difficultly.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This makes this study even more enthralling as one tries to figure out what could have gone wrong because it seems that the issue of fuel prices in UAE has been prevalent for a long time due to importation of gasoline. It is evident that Dnata Company has had a solid and professional administrative unit that has steered the success of Dnata. This is attributed to the fact that it has been able to soar up in the past regardless of the many challenges that forced other similar companies to face out. In addition, as an organisation that is entirely driven by quality, it seeks to ensure that each area is continually evolving to meet the changing demands and preferences of clients. As a company that has various transport and carrier responsibilities, it is likely to consume a lot of fuel in a day. Hence, the unstable oil prices are a great injustice to the company, which is very fundamental to the economy of UAE and in the airline industry in general. During the period 2011 and 2012, Dna ta was documented as enjoying its peak in profits despite increasing operation costs. Worth noting is that the profit derived during this time was obtained from in-flight catering, airport operations and Dnata cargo handling in that order. The fact that ground handling is not documented could mean that fuel prices compared to revenue could have resulted in a negative balance. However, all this can be confirmed by carrying out this study that will examine the different departments and each department’s performance all along. It is only then that an association between fuel prices and the financial crisis being experienced by Dnata will be scientifically proven. Problem Statement The sole purpose of any organisation is to make profit. Dnata is a private airline company and therefore its objectives could not be far-fetched from this. The company has done what is within its jurisdiction in as far as provision of quality services to its clients is concerned. This is supported by t he fact that Dnata adopts latest technology that is efficient and effective. Maintaining a stable clientele base is very important for any business to thrive hence the reason why Dnata offers quality services to meet the needs of its customers. In the recent past however, the looming fuel prices have not favoured the company at all. Dnata company is currently in a financial crisis with its revenue barely enough to meet its operational costs. It is very enthralling to investigate the effects of the high fuel prices on this company that has continued to survive in the past.

How To Make Colorful Soap Bubbles

How To Make Colorful Soap Bubbles Were you one of those kids who tried to add food coloring to ordinary bubble solution to make colored bubbles? Food coloring wont give you bright bubbles, and even if it did, they would cause stains. Heres a recipe for pink or blue colored bubbles, based on disappearing ink, so the bubbles wont stain surfaces when they land. Safety First Please dont drink the bubble solution! Unused bubble solution may be stored for later in a sealed container or disposed of by pouring it down the drain.These are bubbles intended for blowing bubbles, not for bathing.Sodium hydroxide is a  strong base. Avoid direct contact with this ingredient. If you do get some on your hands, rinse them immediately with water. Ingredients Liquid dishwashing detergent  (or another detergent)Water or commercial bubble solutionSodium hydroxidePhenolphthaleinThymolphthaleinClub soda (optional) Heres How If you are making your own bubble solution, mix the detergent and water.Add the sodium hydroxide and indicator to the bubble solution. You want enough indicator so that the bubbles will be deeply colored. For each liter of bubble solution (4 cups), this is about 1-1/2 to 2 teaspoons of phenolphthalein (red) or thymolphthalein (blue).Add sodium hydroxide until you get the indicator to change from colorless to colored (about half a teaspoon should do the trick). A little more sodium hydroxide will result in a bubble that keeps its color longer. If you add too much, the color of the bubble wont disappear when exposed to air or rubbed, though you can still react it with club soda.You may find it necessary to dissolve the indicator in a small amount of alcohol before mixing it with the bubble solution. You can use pre-made indicator solution, adding the sodium hydroxide to the indicator rather than diluting with water.Youve essentially made disappearing ink bubbles. When the bubble lands, you can make the color vanish by either rubbing the spot (reacting the liquid with air) or by adding a little club soda. Fun! If you have disappearing ink, you could mix it with bubble solution to make disappearing ink bubbles.

I am in favor of the law should prevent people living near the forest Essay

I am in favor of the law should prevent people living near the forest area - Essay Example Due to this they end up being attacked and killed by these animals. For example during the period of 1993 a ten year old girl was attacked by a cougar while she and her family were camping in the region of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park (Cougarinfo.org 1). Another reason for imposing a ban on people living near forest area is that a huge number of forest fire incidents have been caused by human beings. Various human activities such as burning wood and creating fire to cook food can cause forest fires. According to Arbor Day Foundation more than eighty three percentage of the forest fires that took place in the era of 2006 were caused by human activities (Arborday.org 1). A third reason for imposing a ban on people residing near forests is that human beings are destroying the ecological system. When human beings shift to areas that are near forests, they tend to develop their houses through the wood that is obtained from the forests. Due to this a huge number of trees are cut down and these trees are home to various animals who cannot survive without these trees and plants. It is very essential that a ban is levied on the mobility of individuals from metropolitan areas to forest regions because individuals cannot protect themselves against the threat of wild animals. Furthermore they are one of the major causes of forest fires and they even disturb the ecological system due to their

Koran Issues in Contemporary Middle Eastern History Essay

Koran Issues in Contemporary Middle Eastern History - Essay Example The followers of Judaism and Christianity viz. Jews and Christians are referred to in Islam as the ‘people of the book’ because they too were sent messengers with scriptures. Differences between the three lie mainly in which prophets are recognized or not, the accepted books, interpretations of faith and teachings and so on. The Jews and Arabs historically are cousins set apart by the brothers Ishac (Isac) (A.S.) and Ismail (Ishmail) (A.S.) respectively, both descendents of prophet Ibrahim (A.S.). Between Christianity and Islam the notable differences come down to the belief in the oneness of Allah versus the doctrine of trinity; that Jesus was a prophet like other prophets (Islamic view) or the son of God (orthodox Christian view), and so on. So, there is a very close relationship between Islam, Judaism and Christianity and a great scope for mutual understanding and learning. Christians especially are potentially closer to the Muslims â€Å"because amongst these are me n devoted to learning and men who have renounced the world and they are not arrogant†. (5:85) The true concept of jihad in Islam is a comprehensive and constant ‘struggle’, ‘effort’ or ‘striving’ on an individual level and against one’s ego (nafs). Its justification or purpose is purification of the soul In a limited sense and as popularly perceived in the West, it also means a collective ‘holy war’ against others especially infidels. It is therefore a collective obligation (fard al-kifayah) under certain circumstances. It should also be pointed out that jihad in this manner has certain conditions that must be met, also that the drive to engage in warfare is overridden by some conditions too. For example, in Surah Tauba (9:5-6) it appears that muslims are being enjoined to fight but this must cease if for instance, those who are being fought convert to Islam, observe prayer, or seek asylum and pay the

Internet Governance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16750 words

Internet Governance - Dissertation Example The Internet's expansiveness and socio-economic importance has created challenging global policy issues. A co-ordinated attack on key infrastructure components or a major security breach could now have significant economic and social repercussions. Even mundane responsibilities like IP number system and DNS administration or technical standards setting have been controversial, including questions about their global inclusiveness. Globally, the digital divide not only captures access impurity but also nationally imposed content restrictions for those already connected. The Internet is not defined by the geographic boundaries that govern nations and laws of the non-virtual world. Without a clear jurisdictional framework for the Internet, scholars, businessmen, and laypersons have been left to decipher in a piecemeal fashion what set of laws and norms, if any, shall govern this forum. The United Nations recognises 189 sovereign countries throughout the world, each with its own system of governance and legal framework. This leaves a vexing international question of who should exercise power over Internet activity and what standards shall be upheld. 1.1 Internet Governance The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN co-ordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider.... The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN coordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top-level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider. This file is then replicated to the other root servers. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a technical coordination body for the Internet, which are specifically coordinating Internet domain names, IP address numbers, and Protocol parameter and port numbers. In addition, ICANN coordinates the stable operation of the Internet's root server system. ICANN's mission is to coordinate technical and policy functions of the DNS in order to promote a safe, stable and commercially viable domain name system, promote competition, and achieve broad representation of global Internet communities. These co-ordinated functions stand in stark contrast to the ad hoc basis on which U.S. government contractors and grantees, and a wide network of volunteers handled many of these key issues. While this informal structure represented the spirit and culture of the research community in which the Internet was developed, the growing international and commercial importance of the Internet necessitated the creation of a technical management.

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibilty Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibilty Essay Business ethics and corporate social responsibility Introduction Anglo American is one of the world’s leading mining companies. It is a UK public limited company and operates on a global scale. Anglo American operates mainly in the primary sector of the world economy. This, as the name suggests, covers industries involved in the first stage of economic activity, such as mining and agriculture. Anglo American operates throughout the world. It has extensive operations in Africa, where 76% of its employees live. It is also a major employer in Europe. Its Tarmac aggregates and construction products business employs nearly 7,000 people in the UK. As a primary producer, Anglo American plays an important role in the world economy. Anglo American produces five main types of raw material.†¢ Business ethics †¢ Corporate social responsibility †¢ Effects of ethical behaviour †¢ Benefits of ethical behaviour Public limited company: a company whose shares are traded on the London Stock Exchange, denoted by the initials plc. Primary sector: the first stage in producing goods. Pressure group: an organisation formed by people with a common interest who get together to further that interest, for example, nongovernmental organisations. Ethics: moral principles or rules of conduct and behaviour accepted by members of society. Corporate social responsibility: the responsibility of an organisation to wider society, to a range of stakeholders including the community and society at large. Mining operations can have a big impact on the environment and on the societies where they work. Since most mineral resources belong to nation states, mining companies largely depend upon a licence to operate from governments. This allows them to extract and process minerals in return for investment and the payment of taxes and royalties. Increasingly it is also important to get the consent of local communities to mining development – a ‘social licence’ to operate. Like all businesses, mining companies are under increasing scrutiny from pressure groups as well as the general public. Anglo American seeks to adopt fair and sound business practice. The company believes that it has an important role to play in building the capabilities of the communities where it works. Issues such as combating corruption and promoting revenue transparency are high on the company’s business agenda. This case study shows how Anglo American seeks to make ethical choices in its business practice. What are business ethics? Business ethics are moral principles that guide the way a business behaves. The same principles that determine an individual’s actions also apply to business. Acting in an ethical way involves distinguishing between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and then making the ‘right’ choice. It is relatively easy to identify unethical business practices. For example, companies should not use child labour. They should not unlawfully use copyrighted materials and processes. They should not engage in bribery. However, it is not always easy to create similar hard-and-fast definitions of good ethical practice. A company must make a competitive return for its shareholders and treat its employees fairly. However a company also has wider responsibilities. It should minimise any harm to the environment and work in ways that do not damage the communities in which it operates. This is known as corporate social responsibility. ANGLO AMERICAN 25 www. thetimes100. co. uk The law is the key starting point for any business. Most leading businesses also have their own statement of Business Principles which set out their core values and standards. In Anglo American’s case, this is called ‘Good Citizenship’. A business should also follow relevant codes of practice that cover its sector. Many companies have created voluntary codes of practice that regulate practices in their industrial sector. These are often drawn up in consultation with governments, employees, local communities and other stakeholders. Anglo American has played an active part in initiatives such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, the United Nations Global Compact and the Global Reporting Initiative. GLOSSARY Code of practice: written guidelines governing business behaviour. This could take the form of a voluntary code or a legally enforced set of regulations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 outlining human rights that should apply to all people. Engagement: the process of involving others in the decision making process. Anglo American has also contributed to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights. This code sets out principles and practices for ensuring that a company’s need to ensure the security of its employees and operations in volatile countries does not adversely impact upon the local population. Thus the Principles provide guidance on how both private and public security forces assigned to protect a mining operation or an oil and gas facility should be vetted, trained in human rights, monitored and controlled. Anglo American also aims to ensure that it plays a role in protecting the human rights of its employees and local people in countries in which it operates. The company supports the principles set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All companies need to make a profit. However, Anglo American recognises that this objective must take account of ethics as shown in its statement on corporate responsibility: ‘Though providing strong returns for our shareholders remains our prime objective, we do not believe that these can or should be achieved at the expense of social, environmental and moral considerations. Indeed a long-term business such as ours will only thrive if it also takes into account the needs of other stakeholders such as governments, employees, suppliers, communities and customers. ’ An important process used by Anglo American is that of stakeholder engagement. This enables it better to understand the perspectives and priorities of external groups that are affected by its activities and to factor them into its decision-making processes. To support this work at a local level, Anglo American has developed a Socio-Economic Assessment Toolbox or SEAT process. This ‘toolbox’ helps managers to measure the impact of activities on the company and communities. It also helps to improve a mine’s contribution to development through, for example, using its supply chain needs to generate new businesses or to improve the water or electricity infrastructure. They use this toolbox to engage with stakeholders including community representatives. 26 Sometimes communities have to be resettled, with government sanction, in order for important mineral deposits to be accessed. This can cause controversy and divisions in the communities concerned. International best practice sets out a number of key stages in such a process including the need for structured consultation, fair compensation and the importance of restoring and enhancing the livelihoods of people in their new locations. Recently Anglo American has had to undertake two such relocations in South Africa at the villages of Ga Pila and Motlhotlo. These were undertaken with the support of the provincial government and local tribal leadership and after consultation with local people lasting for several years leading to agreement with each householder. New villages have been built with better houses and infrastructure and more land for farming. The relocation programme was voluntary. The relocation programme at Motlhotlo is still under way but at Ga Pila 98% of those living in the old village took up the offer to move to the new village. www. thetimes100. co. uk GLOSSARY Empowerment giving responsibility for making decisions to lower levels within the organisation or community. Indigenous: naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place. Why should a business act ethically? Businesses have great potential to transform peoples lives and to alleviate poverty through generating economic growth. They produce goods and services that customers want and they create jobs. Through paying taxes, they contribute to government revenue that can finance schools, hospitals and other public services. However, a business must keep in tune with the wishes of the societies it serves or it runs the risk of alienating its shareholders, stakeholders and customers. This would be bad for business, reducing growth and potentially affecting profit. Anglo American has to deal with many different levels of interest when setting up a new project. This includes, for example, the owners of the land and the people and services in the area. The current South African government has a policy of transferring a share of the ownership, management and benefits of the countrys mining industry to people previously excluded from the economy. Anglo American is backing the South African government in this process. This includes supporting black economic empowerment deals (BEE). Through this process, Anglo American has sold (usually at a small discount) 26% of its assets in South Africa to BEE groups. For example, Anglo American was instrumental in the creation of Exxaro. This is now the largest black-owned and managed mining company listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It also aims to have at least 40% of its managers drawn from the ranks of previously disadvantaged ethnic groups. Governments in the developing world face many challenging social and economic problems. They need companies that are ready to be part of the solution. Anglo American believes that it can support governments in reducing poverty and inequality and in improving health and welfare. In South Africa, the company has been a major campaigner for AIDS education. It was the first major company in South Africa to announce that it would provide free anti-retroviral drugs to its HIV-positive employees. It now has the largest workplace HIV/AIDS education, voluntary testing and treatment programme in the world. After running the programme for five years studies have shown that the programme has become self-financing through reducing deaths and the attendant loss of skills and cutting absenteeism rates by boosting the health of infected workers. What are the effects of acting ethically? Most business activity incurs financial costs such as equipment and labour. Non-financial costs include noise and impact on the environment. There is a financial cost to acting ethically. To engage stakeholders takes time and money. Mining in ways that minimise environmental impacts is more expensive than extracting resources regardless of impact. An ethical business also recognises its responsibility for minimising the non-financial costs. The Pebble Project in Alaska is a good example of the way that Anglo American takes account of non-financial costs. This is a gold and copper mining project in the early stages of assessment. This could provide new jobs and revenues for the Alaskan economy at a time when oil and gas revenues have been falling. However, some people are concerned that the mine could damage fish stocks and wildlife. Therefore, Anglo American has been consulting widely and through a structured process with local people, politicians, businesses and especially indigenous people. 27 ANGLO AMERICAN Anglo American has made it clear that it will only seek to proceed with the project if it can be done without damage to the local fisheries. It will also give priority to the recruitment of local people. www. thetimes100. co. uk The benefits of ethical behaviour Anglo American establishes goals each year for sustainable development. These goals include: †¢ working without fatal accidents †¢ eliminating occupational diseases †¢ increasing diversity in the workplace †¢ increasing the benefits of mining for local communities †¢ increasing energy efficiency. By working towards these goals, Anglo American hopes to gain a competitive advantage. By demonstrating a more caring and sustainable approach, the company is able to differentiate itself from rival mining companies. It makes Anglo American more likely to be the partner of choice for many governments and communities in the developing world. It also helps with its position on the stock market. Most long-term investors, such as pension funds that run investments for millions of ordinary people in the UK, believe that it is important for a company to consider social and ethical issues and not just the financial bottom line if a business is to be sustainable. Anglo American sees shareholder returns and social and environmental responsibilities as complementary activities. This puts the company in a stronger position. All stakeholders benefit – shareholders, employees, governments, local communities and suppliers. GLOSSARY Sustainable development: development which meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to achieve their own needs and aspirations. Competitive advantage: a strategic element that enables an organisation to compete more effectively than its rivals. Governance: the process of making decisions and governing. Conclusion Anglo American is a multinational organisation with a high profile in the primary extractive sector. Because many new mineral deposits are to be found in developing countries, some of which have weak governance, Anglo American recognises that it must be rigorous in observing local laws, even if they are not always enforced. It has a significant role in supporting good governance initiatives and boosting the opportunities available to the communities associated with its mines. The company is involved in a range of initiatives to help these communities, such as AIDS testing and provision of new local services like schools and clinics. Its socio-economic assessment toolbox helps it measure its impact and engage with local communities to resolve issues and to underpin initiatives like small business development or partnerships with local farmers. The Times Newspaper Limited and  ©MBA Publishing Ltd 2008. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of information, neither the publisher nor the client can be held responsible for errors of omission or commission. The financial and non-financial benefits to the company and shareholders are shown in several ways. Anglo American is trusted as a business partner that takes into account social and environmental issues. It has licence to operate in countries like South Africa, Brazil or Chile, where it is playing an important part in encouraging local business development. Questions 1. What are business ethics? Give two examples of business practices that stakeholders would regard as ethical and two that might be considered unethical. 2. The benefits of ethical business behaviour affect the business itself and the wider community. Taking an example of an Anglo American business project, identify the benefits to the local community and to the company’s shareholders. 3. How is Anglo American’s reputation enhanced by engaging with local communities in decision-making? Why is it important for this engagement to be an ongoing process? 4. Some business decisions involve a careful balance of social, economic and environmental considerations. Evaluate how Anglo American achieves that balance, using examples from the case study.