Breakeven Analysis

BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS Break-even is the point at which a product or service stops costing money to produce and sell, and starts generating a profit for your business. This means sales have reached sufficient volume to cover the variable and fixed costs of producing and distributing your product. [Type the document subtitle] KOMAL BHILARE ROLL NO: 85 2013 DEFINITION Break Even is: †¢the sales point at which the Company neither  makes profit nor suffers loss, or   Ã¢â‚¬ ¢sales level where fixed cost are fully absorbed by or   †¢the level where contribution margin equals the fixed cost.Breakeven analysis provides data for †¢Ã‚  profit planning †¢Ã‚  policy formulating and †¢decision making Break-even analysis may be based on: †¢historical data, †¢past operations, or †¢future sales and costs, Depending on management’s need and desire. †¢The break even analyses technique is used in various  business decision making areas, as this h elp in knowing the minimum desired level to be achieved to avoid loss situation. †¢The Breakeven analysis is mostly used at the time of  investing in new project and introducing new products. The organizer of this workshop must have seen Break  even for this workshop. USE OF BREAK EVENANALYSES ?  Hospital or Hotel management would like to know sales  point in terms of number of beds/ rooms, to recover fixed cost to reach at a breakeven point. ?The school owner would be interested in knowing minimum number of students to be admitted to reach at  breakeven ?New branch of bank would need to know minimum deposits from customer ?On introduction of new products certain huge sales  promotional expenses are planned in order to achieve  planned sales. The management while deciding about approving expenditures would be interested to see cost / benefit analyses or minimum expected sales (break even) to be achieved to recover these expenses (disregarding the very ambitious sa les budgets submitted by the sales and marketing team) FORMULA A) Breakeven point of output = (fixed cost) / (contribution per unit) Where, Contribution=selling cost – variable cost Fixed cost= Contribution -profit B) Breakeven point of Sales = 1. Fixed price x SP per unit Contribution per unit 2.Fixed Cost x Total Sales Total Contribution BREAK EVEN GRAPH Uses of Breakeven Chart A breakeven chart can be used to show the effect of changes in any of the following profit factors: †¢ Volume of sales †¢ Variable expenses †¢ Fixed expenses †¢ Selling price PROFIT VOLUME RATIO (P/V RATIO) The ratio of contribution to sales is P/V ratio or C/S ratio. It is the contribution per rupee of sales and since the fixed cost remains constant in short term period, P/V ratio will also measure the rate of change of profit due to change in volume of sales.The P/V ratio may be expressed as follows: P/V ratio = Sales – Marginal cost of sales = Contribution Sales Sales = Changes in contribution = Change in profit Changes in sales Change in sales A fundamental property of marginal costing system is that P/V ratio remains constant at different levels of activity. A change in fixed cost does not affect P/V ratio. The concept of P/V ratio helps in determining the following: †¢ Breakeven point Profit at any volume of sales †¢ Sales volume required to earn a desired quantum of profit †¢ Profitability of products †¢ Processes or departments the contribution can be increased by increasing the sales price or by reduction of variable costs. MARGINAL COST A marginal cost is another term for a variable cost. The term ‘marginal cost’ is usually applied to the variable cost of a unit of product or service, whereas the term ‘variable cost’ is more commonly applied to resource costs, such as the cost of materials and labour hours.Marginal costing is a form of management accounting based on the distinction between: a. th e marginal costs of making selling goods or services, and b. fixed costs, which should be the same for a given period of time, regardless of the level of activity in the period. Suppose that a firm makes and sells a single product that has a marginal cost of ? 5 per unit and that sells for ? 9 per unit. For every additional unit of the product that is made and sold, the firm will incur an extra cost of ? 5 and receive income of ? 9. The net gain will be ? 4 per  additional unit.This net gain per unit, the difference between the sales price per unit and the marginal cost per unit, is called contribution. Contribution is a term meaning ‘making a contribution towards covering fixed costs and making a profit’. Before a firm can make a profit in any period, it must first of all cover its fixed costs. Breakeven is where total sales revenue for a period just covers fixed costs, leaving neither profit nor loss. For every unit sold in excess of the breakeven point, profit will increase by the amount of the contribution per unit LIMITATIONS OF BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS: It is best suited to the analysis of one product at a time. * It may be difficult to classify a cost as all variable or all fixed; and there may be a tendency to continue to use a break even analysis after the cost and income functions have changed. * Break-even analysis is only a supply side (i. e. costs only) analysis, as it tells you nothing about what sales are actually likely to be for the product at these various prices. * It assumes that fixed costs (FC) are constant. Although this is true in the short run, an increase in the scale of production is likely to cause fixed costs to rise.

Psychological Impact of Socio-Political Factors Essay

A society is composed of distinct cultures which identifies itself from others. The cultures of societies are distinct and people’s lives are usually patterned from prevalent traditions, practices and beliefs within that culture. Culture could be held responsible in the upbringing of an individual. People continuously conform on the dynamic culture of the society as they adhere on the norms, practices and values. Culture is an ever-changing feature of a society and incessantly develops and redefines attributes based on lifestyles and conditions. It is influenced by various factors that create sustained tight cultures. This will further result on the variations in cultures of a global society. We attribute cultural differences in its historical and ecological context. Socio- political factors also influenced our culture. These factors influence psychological appendages of an individual. As world trade and globalization are greatly emphasized, interaction across culture is increased and cultural diversity becomes a hindrance to fully achieve its objectives. Socio-political factors are in many forms and are inherently embedded in culture. These factors play significant role in molding the identity of a particular society. Socio-political factors are founded based on our beliefs and values and our behavioral tendencies and they were accustomed in our daily lives (Schneider, 2004). Stereotyping There were so many social groups in every country and it makes that particular nation a diverse geographic area. We could easily picture a collage of the various social groups but we could fail to include the real identities and configurations of these social groups (Stangor & Schaller, 1996). We may generate a statement on the perception of the characteristics and utilized it to describe the whole group. For example, Germans are hot-tempered and African Americans are rowdy. This process of thought depicts the conventional definition of stereotypes in social psychology, in which stereotypes are regarded as the main picture portraying the totality or the representation of a particular group of individuals. Stereotyping could also exist in the minds of the persons who are being stereotyped (Stangor & Schaller, 1996). Stereotyping is a type of socio-political factor where we categorized people based on our beliefs. Perception plays a large part in the social context. Stereotyping is how we perceive people as established by a particular circumstance. In the course of time, stereotypes are considered synonymous to certain constructs that is ordained in the study of stereotypes. Stereotypes are considered as products of categorization, labels, schemas- these constructs tend to overlap each other for they were closely related (Schneider, 2004). Stereotypes is a result of our behavior towards others, it also affect our behavioral patterns toward different kinds of people. There is a substantial participation of group members in fostering stereotyping in people. Shared experiences suggested that stereotypes grew impliedly when members of a particular group perceived a certain category on the other group of individuals (Schneider, 2004). We think in-groups and out-groups as natural phenomena and we perceive them differently. Categorization of groups evolved into stereotyping. Stereotyping could render negative implications, this includes depriving opportunities to the persons being stereotyped based solely on the biased belief of the one assessing them. Stereotyping could be an individual problem and shall consider that it is not a shared knowledge, but when the perception was common in all members of the community; its effects become more noxious because it affects the whole society in the same way (Stangor & Schaller, 1996). Stereotyping, therefore, could be looked at two perspectives. It could exist in the person’s mind, as representations of a person’s beliefs and values. It could also be viewed as a piece of society’s social fabric, a part of a larger scale of commonly shared perception of social groups (Stangor & Schaller, 1996). It becomes a question if the existence of social reality is individualized or dwell as a shared understanding. The particular distinction between the two lies mainly in the assumed relevance of this common knowledge and its importance and impacts on the lives of each individual within the social group (Stangor & Schaller, 1996). Racism Stereotyping could evolve into other socio-political factors that may render detrimental effects. Racism can be widely utilized in everyday life. The concept of racism is negatively burdened, injected with political and moral descriptions. Therefore, claiming someone to be a racist is considered as inappropriate and even immoral. The definition is inclined for connoting political abuse. The definition also offers significance in the field of academics and raise political and moral argumentation (Miles & Brown, 2003). Racism is the generalized body of information, real or imaginary, pertaining to a person or group of individual that render benefits or gain on the racist and expense on the one being judged (Memmi et al. , 1999). Racism is the mistreatment of people based on their race. We all belong in a particular race, human race. This resulted from the inequality in the social structures and configurations. It is also a product of inequitable and unequal stratification of economic, political and social means (Sherover-Marcuse, 2000). Racism is defined improperly. There is no established definition for racism, if we would think philosophically, if racism is defined as morally and politically undesirable. There must be a shared understanding on why it is unacceptable. the definition could not established a concrete criteria on whether an account is racist or not. Utilizing the existing definition, we could be all racists. If the broad definition will be adhered, then it impliedly says that American people are all racists (Miles & Brown, 2003). Sometimes the description on the person being discriminated is inaccurate and they were being judged based on their color and cultural identity. Thus, it result to social empowerment of the racists and the judgments were passed into concurrent society that affects everyone (Sherover-Marcuse, 2000). Sexism Another socio-political factor that becomes a major dilemma in the society is the concept of sexism. Sexism directs us in the delving into gender studies, but it is a critical issue for it deals with a lot of aspects of gender inequality. Sexism is the inherent belief of the superiority of a particular sex over the other and therefore claims the right to be dominant in society (Curry, 1995). This will lead us in perceiving that in conventional society male is dominant over the female specie. This is evident in our history books and even in the holy scriptures of religions. Most of the messages were addressed to males. The dominance of males connotes the inferiority of females and the deprivation of prerogatives and rights enjoyed by the other sex. Many uprisings of the women sectors have been accounted in history in attempt in obtaining liberation and equality in treatment and opportunities. For example, the acquisition of suffrage is a pivotal event in women’s history and the ability to participate in major economic and political activity was celebrated by women in the society. Although there are claims that sexism no longer exists in our society. We could say that it is impliedly manifested through various of means. There were still claims in mistreatment in the workplace and females were not given equal opportunities. Mass media greatly contributes in reinforcing the concept of sexism through the portrayals of women in ads and programs depicting the traditional concept of women as inferior, weak, dependent and as home providers. There is a lack of portrayal of the emerging female specie- dynamic, strong and nurturing. Psychological Impact These socio-political factors have an undeniable psychological impact to a culturally diverse individual. Each person was raised in a society with inherent culture established that distinguished the group of individuals to other group of individuals. Every one of us is composed of layers of cultural learning ascribed or acquired that make up the totality of our individuality. These layers of cultural teachings were acquired through various influences. Every individual was shaped ethnicity, race, religion, education, profession, organization and parents. These attributes are the primary factors that affect the formation of the individuality of a person. One’s gender, peers, family and origin are also vital in redefining the one’s cultural identity (Gardenswartz & Rowe, 1998). Because we acquired our cultural teachings in different sources we are programmed differently and were reared heterogeneously. Therefore our individual differences make us culturally diverse. The socio-political factors aforementioned could be well-explained and examined under the specific branch of psychology- Evolutionary Psychology. This new branch of psychology is focused on establishing explanations on mental and psychological traits of individuals. There is a growing symbiotic and significant relationship between environmental and social psychology. Evolutionary theory is slowly infiltrate social psychology researchers. Evolutionary psychology examines new frontiers with specialty, like the socio-political factors mentioned above (Perilloux & Webster, 2008). It was argued that these factors shaped a person’s psychological mechanisms. It was stated that the concept of self do not exist but it was layers of psychological mechanisms (Perilloux & Webster, 2008). These socio-political factors discussed above are somehow interconnected with each other. Stereotyping could render significant psychological impacts in the upbringing of an individual. They may obtain wrong information about persons they stereotyped. For stereotypical roles, though shared by a lot of people could not be regarded as true. Stereotyping will reflect implicit behavioral comments like that there are roles more appropriate for men and women. This will create a general perception that some roles are only intended for a particular sex and that the other could not offer strong decisions and capabilities in participating in these certain fields (Swim et al. , 2001). This also indicates that men are better in male-dominated fields (Swim et al. , 2001). Due to the stereotypical roles and attributes being tagged to persons, they were undermined of their capabilities and capacities. It will also say that women are inferior and passive (Swim et al. , 2001), which is untrue about women nowadays. More women are participating in the fields dominated by male before and show exemplary performance in doing tasks. But the greatest implication would be an animosity for women (Swim et al. , 2001). Because of stereotyping, people will create an attitude towards the stereotyped individual.

Since the 1960s, a growing number of people have been moving away from Essay - 1

Since the 1960s, a growing number of people have been moving away from villages and small towns to big cities in both developed - Essay Example I will then discuss the effects migration has had on cities and rural areas in Britain and Ghana to highlight the similarities and differences between the problems faced in developed and developing countries. Lewis (1982) argues that migration is caused by a series of forces which encourage people to leave one place (push) and attract them to another (pull). Push factors include the decline of natural resources in rural areas. For example, the exhaustion of mines, timber and agricultural resources can result in fewer jobs available in rural areas, causing poverty, which forces people to move to urban areas in the hope of finding work. Parnwell (1993) also cites high rural population growth as a reason for rural-urban migration. This is because it results in a surplus of labour in rural areas, forcing people to move to urban areas to find jobs. Environmental degradation of rural areas (e.g. over-grazing and draught) can also force people to migrate due to food shortages. Religious str ife, political persecution, escaping from oppression and war also contribute to rural-urban migration Bogue (1959) also highlights that people leave rural areas due to the lack of basic infrastructure (electricity and water supplies) and services (public transport, hospitals and schools). Parnwell (1993) highlights a series of ‘pull factors’ that encourage people to move to cities, including migrant’s belief that superior opportunities for employment in manufacturing, construction, commerce and the service industry can be found in urban areas. Many people also move to cities to join kin already living and working there. However, Parnwell (1993) notes that despite migrants believing that urban areas offer an escape from poverty and better employment opportunities, the reality can be quite different, and unemployment and hardship are quite common it cities. Other people may move to urban areas because they may offer better career opportunities and higher wages. Bet ter welfare facilities such as education, increased access to doctors and health care, raised standards of living and better housing have also contributed to a growth in urban environments. Valentine (1995) also believes people move to urban areas for their ‘freedom of expression and liberation’, e.g. urban areas allow people to express themselves in ways not possible in rural areas, e.g. creation of gay and lesbian districts. However, Parnwell (1993) notes that cities can also provide a danger and intimidating environment for others, e.g. fear of crime. ‘Modern urbanization in developing countries is unlike earlier growth of towns and cities in developed countries’ (Kemp, 2004: 123). In Ghana urbanization is not driven by industrialization, but by natural growth and migration from rural areas. Ghana’s current population stands at 24.8 million (CIA, 2010), in which 51% of Ghanaians live in urban areas. Every year the urban population grows by 3.4%. A developed country such as Britain on the other hand has 80% of it’s population already living in urban environments, with a much slower urban growth rate of 0.7% per year (CIA, 2011). Jackson et al (1996) claim that the process of urbanisation in developing countries such as Ghana tends to be less controlled than in developed coun

Equity and Trusts Assignment 3 England and Wales Essay

Equity and Trusts Assignment 3 England and Wales - Essay Example The wishes contained in Vera’s will upon her death amounted to issues relating to equity and trusts law. Actually, it relates to charitable trusts. Under the Charitable Act 2006, Vera’s wish as contained in her will is considered as charitable gifts. These gifts can be defined as gifts that are given by either the legal or physical person to benefit a particular cause, often known as charitable purposes. Most charitable givers, like Vera, mostly employ the services of executors and trustees to execute their charitable cause. Executors and trustees are the people who have fiduciary duty of property administration, a duty which they should discharge in consistence with testator’s wishes (as expressed in his or her will) (Dollimore, 2007, p. 56). The law requires that the validity of the charitable gifts be ascertained. Therefore, executors and trustees should be conversant with the criterion of determining such validity. Determination of validity of the provisions contained in a testator’s will is crucial in ensuring that such wishes meet the legal threshold. It is against this background that it is important to determine the validity of Vera’s wishes. In her will, Vera gave all her property to her executors and trustees upon trust to sell the same and to hold the proceeds of sale as a trust fund upon trust in two halves. The first half was aimed at promoting research into the theory that the pyramids were built by aliens from another world. According to Edwards and Nigel (2007, p. 71), under the Charities Act 2006, this is considered as a valid cause because its main purpose is to promote education. Education as a charitable purpose is founded on Charitable Uses Act 1601 and has been further expanded under the Charities Act 2006. Over the years, the common law has recognized education as a charitable purpose that covers a wide area. The education category includes

The Impacts of Human Resources on the Performance and Motivation of Literature review

The Impacts of Human Resources on the Performance and Motivation of the Employees - Literature review Example Employee turnover or dropout is one of the major problems facing by the current organizations. Many organizations measure the success and failures of their HRM based on the rate of employee dropouts. In other words, better HRM policies motivate the employees to continue in the organization whereas poor HRM policies force them to leave out. In the past, employees were more interested in getting decent salaries whereas at present they are not only interested in good salaries but also in getting a proper work environment. HRM is responsible for providing better work environments for the employees. In short, better HRM policies always motivate employees to improve their performances and to stick with the organization for longer periods. â€Å"It is a widely accepted premise that retention and productivity of workers is a function of how well the individual is motivated† (Lord, 2002, p.3). This literature review analyses various theories related to the importance of HRM in improvin g employee efficiencies and reducing employee turnover rates. Recent research has highlighted a so-called "prime building block" of HRM – the principle of "AMO". There must be sufficient employees with the necessary ABILITY to do the job; there must be adequate MOTIVATION for them to apply their abilities; and there must be the OPPORTUNITY for them to engage in "discretionary behaviour" – to make choices about how their job is done (Buchan, 2004, p.3). All human actions, irrespective of good or bad, are based on some kind of motivations. For example, a killer may have some motives or reasons for killing. The same way a student may study well to get a job or recognition in the society. In short, motivation is necessary for all human actions. The cases of the employees are also not an exception. Employees need some kind of motivation to perform better. In other words, in the absence of motivation employees may work as passive elements whereas motivation forces them to wo rk in an active manner. HRM is responsible for injecting motivation in the minds of the employees. In certain cases, rewards can motivate employees whereas in other cases, punishments could be a better option.

Prepare a marketing plan for a product or service Essay

Prepare a marketing plan for a product or service - Essay Example The next section of the discussion illustrates the market segmentation targeting and positioning procedure of the organisation for the Delta brand. The segmentation and targeting process of the organisation has selected the high and medium population density locations of the urban market of China. The process has also targeted the busy professional, students and large family oriented populations within the age bracket of 12-30 years. The marketing plan has selected the cost leadership and market penetration strategy to ensure growth within the China market. The next section has detailed the marketing mix elements such as product, pricing, promotional process, placement, people management and customer service process. This section has recommended essential steps to create a strong and successful marketing plan. Finally, the study has illustrated the implementation procedure through Gantt chart. This Chart has detailed the eight month implantation plan of product marketing. It has also elaborated various tools to monitor and control the implementation process. The study is based on designing a marketing plan for a hypothetical soft drink manufacturing and retailing company in China. The discussion will evaluate the marketing plan for Delta carbonated soft drink in the China market. The product is planned to be manufactured and retail within China market by Semtex Plc, a medium sized fruit and soft drink manufacturing and retailing company. The marketing plan includes various essential actions such as situational analysis of the market and organisation, objectives setting, market segmentation and targeting, market strategy design, evaluation of marketing mix and resource allocation and budgeting. The discussion will further elaborate the implementation and monitoring plan for the proposed marketing strategies. The situation analysis of market will detail the macro and micro environment of the organisation. The macro environmental analysis will

Describe what you have learned from your experience as a member of a Essay

Describe what you have learned from your experience as a member of a team whose project was not completed successfully - Essay Example Compared to my previous successes, my first project is marked with a failure that I will never forget. On March of 2004, I have been given the privilege for an internship with XYZ Company in their Analytical laboratory. During my first day of work, I am quite challenged and enthusiastic to find that I will be working with two other new interns. Also, there will be no full time analytical chemists to assist us except my supervisor. These circumstances made me realize that my duties are going to be very challenging as well as interesting. Being able to prove our commitment, dedication, and skill, our group has been offered to work on a project, which would be very tedious for us as interns due to our lack of experience. However, we consider the task as a huge opportunity to further improve our skills and further our competencies. Because the current method is time consuming, tedious and requires continuous attention due to the usage of hazardous chemicals our project is to create a short method to analyze an element in one of the raw materials by using modern instrumentation. The group merrily took the project, albeit the very tight time constraint. We only have few more weeks for final exams and we are required to invest more effort to meet the short deadline. After a short discussion with the group, everyone agreed to contribute the best of his ability to accomplish the project within the allotted time. Two weeks later, my team and I have come to realize that we will not be able to finish the project on time, since we were working two days a week. The month passed and the shortage of time coupled with our lack of experience makes it impossible for us to complete the project. Pressing further, we ask for an extension of one week because we have already gathered all the necessary data for the completion. However, to our dismay, the project has been transferred to another analytical group within the company. This has been very disappointing for me. I have learned a lot from being a member of a team whose project was unsuccessful. This experience taught me to be a good team player and to manage my time more efficiently. Being a senior in the group, I had learned to manage and deal with the team who knew that we will not be able to finish the project on time. I have been instrumental in absorbing the stress my team and I were going through because of the short deadline. From this whole experience, I had also learned to recognize my strengths and the requirements of the task before accepting it. Even though my group failed to finish the project on time, we were still recognized for our work, and I took it as a reward. Therefore, I can say that even though our project was unsuccessful, the work and the effort was still recognized. As for me, I was able to gain knowledge from it and I consider it as an essential aspect of learning process. Failures should not be taken with disappointment. Each of us are strengthened and molded by ou r failures, they enable us the areas where we should improve and humble our hearts to be receptive to important lessons in life. A famous writer Rita Mae Brown had once said "Good judgment comes from experience, and often experience comes from

The Limits of Sympathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Limits of Sympathy - Essay Example Notably, Gregor's father hates him, beats him, throws apples at him, and reprimands him to his room. Nevertheless, Gregor Samsa continued to struggle in adapting to his new physical form until he dies. Grete Samsa is Gregor Samsa’s younger sister who takes up the responsibility of taking care of Gregor after the metamorphosis. In the beginning, the two had a close relationship where Grete sympathizes with him and voluntarily feeds him and cleans his room (Johnston 24-28). In addition, Grete would play violin outside Gregor’s room to console him. She would also dream of going to the conservatory. She also assumed the role of providing for the family after Gregor's transformation where she started working as a salesgirl. However, her sympathies faded with time as the burden became too much for her (Johnston 44-45). As a result she stopped cleaning Gregor’s room and even suggested to her parents that they get rid of Gregor. We can see the Samsa’s parents bein g more concerned about Grete’s well-being at the expense of Gregor’s condition. Ultimately, the unsympathetic nature of Grete and her parents led to Gregor’s death (Johnston 54-56). How the Character’s Past Shaped Grete Samsa and Gregor Samsa Life Notably, Gregor’s boss never accepts any excuses or explanation from the employees regardless of how hard they worked (Johnston 3). This prompted Gregor to work extra harder, observe time, and persevere in his challenging work as a travelling salesman (Johnston 8-9). Indeed, Gregor was never late for work. As a result, the incapability to provide for his family disturbed him so much. We can also establish that Grete and Gregor have always had a passion for each other and this led them to developing concern for each other in their lives. Gregor had huge dreams foe her sister and the incapability to achieve them weakened him (Johnston 28). Additionally, Grete’s past shaped her life and that of Gregor as she gets concerned of Gregor’s lateness in waking up (Johnston 4), removes the furniture from Gregor’s room to create some space for him, feeds and takes care of him. Moreover, Gregor’s father was always harsh to him (Johnston 19). As a result, Mr. Samsa hated Gregor, beat him, and threw apples at him after the transformation. Unfortunately, one of the apples got stuck in a sensitive part in his back for about a month which infected him and paralyzed his movements for life (Johnston 39-40). We can also see Mr. Samsa agreeing to get rid of Gregor a situation which terminates Gregor’s life. On the other hand, having been the youngest child, Grete was not used to challenges and lived a happy life. As a result, she easily gave up on taking care of Gregor and suggests that his family gets rid of him (Johnston 52). Ultimately this led to Gregor’s death. In his past, Gregor avoided conflict with anyone and worked hard to achieve what he had. This moti vated him to continue struggling to adapt to his new physical form which he became comfortable with after some time. What the Relationships of Grete and Gregor Reveal About Characteristics The relationship between Grete and Gregor reveal the kind nature of Gregor and Grete as they sought to take care of one another. They also reveal the loving and caring characteristics of the two characters (Johnston 10). Moreover, the relationships reveal the hardworking nature of Gregor as he sought to support his family especially Grete (Johnston 28-29).

Argumentative Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argumentative Paper - Essay Example On the contrary, other arguments related to the existence of God suggested, that the belief on the existence of God depends on the knowledge that individual has over the subject. In order for the argument on the existence of God to be convincing, philosophers have had to contend with whether it is vital to provide evidence on this subject, which makes it a harder task. The theological argument presented by theists and apologists is the most convincing argument in relation to the existence of God. The need to have proof for the existence of God Ideally, skeptics are unavoidable aspect of living in which proof is a necessity in sustaining various subjects including those of religion. The application is similar in which many individuals seek evidence that substantiates that God exists by tearing into every aspect of God in order to create loopholes for the same. In essence, there exists a number of arguments that have been successful in convincing members of society that God is real. Ad ditionally, the Holy Bible and other holy books provide proof of a higher being than that of man. According to philosophers, there are many arguments that support or disagree with the ideology of theology but the most convincing ones have attracted immense following. ... According to Spiegel (2010), apologists have been successful in making their argument logical but scientist dispute this by having various theories that seek to explain how the creation came into being. The most common theory is that of evolution in which it only explains how man has evolved to what he is today. However, the most disputing aspect within the argument based on evolution is that it does not give elaborate explanations on the existence of plants and other objects that have life. The implication here is that the theological argument presented by apologists is the most convincing argument in relation to the existence of God. The conflict between science and religion in relation to the existence of God As many sympathizers would argue, the interaction and relationship between religion and scientific assumptions is that it is a confusing and unclear making it a vague subject. Ideally, many view the theories presented by religion to be contrary to the thinking of scientists b ecause they argue that it lacks logic and substance. In essence, the religious aspect in this argument bases its belief on belief and faith over the unseen while science opts to argue according to facts and visible objects (Radcliffe, 2012). This makes it harder for those in favor of religion as their choice of supporting that God does exist to proof that God exists without having proof of walking this earth. Additionally, scientists puncture into the idea that a supreme being such as God exists because the origin of this being is also a subject of dispute because there is no recorded proof of how God came into being. Evidently, their claim is that in over for things to exist they had to either evolve or be born of another

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Ethics - Essay Example Similarly theory of circular logic postulates that the conclusion is almost identical to its hypothesis. A. Psychological egoism explains that the determining motive of every voluntary action is a desire for ones own welfare. The fallacy exists in this theory because this theory believes that others conceal their motive just for gaining self benefit which is not at all true in several contexts. Another fallacy lies in hasty generalization. For example, several people conduct their duty when their self-interest lies elsewhere and help someone in need without thinking of self-gain. Some people will follow religious precepts without personal benefit. Some people will even act against their self-interest so that they can follow their conscience. They do whats right even though they wont personally benefit. The concept of ethical egoism being consistent and complete are strong points. This holds good in several contexts. Universal ethical egoism, individual ethical egoism, and rule based ethical egoism can be considered as strong versions as they explain the logical basis for personal actions. Weak version of ethical egoism: However the concept of ethical egoism  is incomplete in several contexts which is its weak point. In those occasions ethical egoism is  mistaken in truth or inconsistent or incomplete. Ethical egoism is contradictory because it evaluates the same act as both right and wrong i.e. the concept is mistaken in truth; it is inconsistent. Ethical egoism is defined as an inherent desire to perform altruistic acts where as psychological egoism is defined as an inherent selfishness of all acts. Ethical egoism differs from psychological egoism mostly on account of the various ways of viewing altruism (EN 1 and EN 2). Ethical egoism prioritizes on what ought to be, rather than what is where as psychological egoism gives more importance to â€Å"what is†. Several theories of motivation were postulated and they

Death Penalty should be Illegal Essay Example for Free

Death Penalty should be Illegal Essay Each year in America there are about 250 people added to death row and 35 executed. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment in the United States today. Once the jury has proved a criminal guilty they go to the second part of the trial the punishment phase. Lethal injection is the most common form of death. Capital Punishment is a difficult issue and there are as many different opinions as there are people. In this country Capital Punishment is not allowed but in America it is legal and it should not be. I think that Capital Punishment should be made illegal in America. The reasons I think that this should be illegal are. Firstly it is possible to execute someone who is innocent. If this does happen it cannot be undone whereas if they had been put in jail they could be released and given compensation. Secondly I think that death penalty is almost not a punishment because you are not around to be punished like if you were in jail with the poor living conditions and no freedom. The opposing side strongest argument would be in 1991; a young mother was rendered helpless and made to watch as her baby was executed. The mother was then mutilated and killed. The killer should not live in some prison with three meals a day, clean sheets, cable TV, family visits and endless appeals. For justice to prevail, some killers just need to die. Another reason I think that Capital Punishment should be made illegal is that life imprisonment without parole serves the same purposes as this at less cost. Right now, to execute someone in The U.S it costs approximately three times the amount it would to have them serve a life sentence in prison. The money used to pay for the death row (including court appeals) comes out of the taxpayers wallets. If Capital Punishment was made illegal, this money could go to other projects in need of the funds like building new prisons. A while ago in Britain, a man was released from prison who was wrongly  accused of committing murder. He had been sentenced to life imprisonment, for this murder. While he was in prison he always maintained he was innocent. It took years on campaigning while he was in prison to prove that he actually was innocent. If such a crime like this had been committed in America he could have been put on death row and been executed. If later on they found out he was innocent there would be nothing they could do to bring him back to life. In Britain the man was released and given compensation. There have been cases in America where innocent people have been executed, and this is the main reason I think it should be illegal. I hope most of you will now see the reasons why capital punishment is a waste of time and should not be made legal.

Why Divorce Is A Good Thing

Why Divorce Is A Good Thing We owe all the wonderful aspects of modern marriage to one thing: divorce. You will hear just the opposite, of course. Religious fundamentalists and politicians will tell you that divorce is crumbling our society, ruining childrens lives, and weakening the moral character of the nation. Dont listen to them. They know perfectly well why divorce is a good thing, they just dont want you to ever find out. Divorce means choice. Divorce means that two people do not have to remain bound to each other until the grave, as society dictated until the 20th century. Divorce means that human beings can determine the path their life will take. And at its very root, divorce provides for that most crucial, most valuable of human experiences: happiness. Divorce is also the great equalizer, and the hallmark of a truly advanced society in terms of womens rights. No woman can ever claim to feel like property or subjugated by men where are there are equitable divorce laws in place. When we look back at ancient civilizations, the ones that stand out are the ones like ancient Egypt which provided equitable treatment for women and the accessibility of divorce as a way to end a legal marriage. Even in the modern world, the best countries for women are those that allow them to divorce freely and without social stigma. But the freedom to live your life how you please, without affecting how others live theirs, is something that a great number of people dont want you to have. Religions in particular seem devoted to making sure that you donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t live how you please, that your every action is analyzed and criticized and ultimately judged. Whether its a stern and moralistic God or a harsh and judgmental society you claim as your higher power, be aware that both of them have one central belief at their core: personal happiness is bad, and personal choice is worse. The Catholic Church, for example, maintains that if you marry someone while your first spouse is still alive, you are committing adultery and will go to Hell. You are not allowed to put aside one spouse and find another, no matter what the reason. They dont like the idea of your having sex with more than one person in your life, even if you want to marry each person that you have it with. Or do they? If your spouse dies they have put no such hex on you. Widows and widowers are given the full blessing of the church to marry again. The limit seems to be three marriages, although Im not sure how stringently this rule is applied. It may be that the widowed are allowed marrying as often as they wish. But even if the church absolutely forbids a widowed person from re-marrying more than twice, it still means that the church would rather sanction youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re having sexual relations with three people in your life, rather than let you be married to two if the first one is merely divorced from you. Its adultery and fornication if you divorce one spouse and remarry even once, but legitimate carnal relations if you marry three times because the other two died. This cant possibly indicate a desire to limit the number of sexual partners you have, or to stamp out the sin of sex. I couldnt understand this breach in logic. As much as I disagree with the premise, if youre going to claim that all sex outside the bonds of your first marriage is sinful, then surely you have to call the widowed fornicators too, as much as the divorced are. But the church doesnt. And for years, neither did the public at large. Widowed people were pitied but respected. Divorced people caused scandal, were looked down upon by respectable people, were shunned and considered morally bankrupt. Now I know why. Its a question of choice, of volition, a unique human quality. The church, and society, simply wouldnt allow you to exercise your volition beyond that first choice of partner you made a choice, by the way, that was often made for you by your parents and had nothing to do with what you wanted. Nothing would justify wanting to make another choice later in life. Only God could do that, it seems. If God took your partner away from you, you had no choice in that, and therefore, you were allowed to choose again. If God decided to take that spouse from you too, that wasnt your choice either. As long as you yourself werent thinking and choosing and making your own decisions about your life, the church would be lenient on you. The minute you decided to affect change in your own life, to undo something you regretted doing or something that no longer served a purpose in your life, you were branded a sinner. So for centuries, miserably married people could only find freedom in the grave. Many people killed their mates to be free of them. It was not uncommon for aristocrats, attempting to climb the social ladder, to arrange for their no-longer-advantageous spouses to fall down stairs or eat poisoned meat so that they, the aristocrats, could marry someone higher up in the echelon of the nobility. For those without the stomach for murder, there was no option. There may have been unofficial separations as there are today, but the medieval mind was so accustomed to accepting discomfort and sacrifice that most unhappily married people stayed together because they felt it was their lot in life to suffer. Its a sentiment that carried through to our grandparents, and even our parents to some extent, many of whom lived out lives of unhappiness and dissatisfaction, bound for life to someone that contributed to the misery of their life, all under the guise of respecting the sanctity of wedlock. It was only when people started believing that their happiness was more important than a vow to God, that they had choice in life and were free to make choices responsibly, that marriage was a voluntary, mutually agreed upon partnership of respect and love that could dissolve if that love and respect disappearedit was only then that people started seeing marriage as an expression of joy and started enjoying the marriages they had. There is nothing sacred about a loveless marriage. Whats sacred is having the freedom to enjoy the best kind of marriage possible, the kind freely entered into by two people who understand that it could end if they neglect or abuse their partner, or that it could last a lifetime if they both want it to. Whats sacred is knowing that a satisfying, happy marriage is always possible, no matter who you find yourself with at the moment or how many times youve tried to make it work and failed. Whats sacred is saying to yourself, and your children, that happiness in love is a crucial component of a healthy life, that sacrificing that happiness for some fuzzy morality is an insult to the human mind. People who divorce and remarry respect the institution of marriage, and respect themselves. As difficult as divorce may be, as painful and unpleasant as it may be, it is necessary to preserve the essential beauty of marriage. People are much more likely to respect and honor each other, to stay in love, when they know that if they dont earn their partners love and admiration, constantly, their marriage could end. People who are bound, inextricably, to each other for life have no incentive to be good to each other. Children and Divorce But what about the children? Its a cry we hear constantly, in protest against everything from adult sites on the internet to garbage dumps to government cutbacks. Future generations, it seems, are far, far more important than this one. But I digress. I will discuss the issue of children and their relationship to marriage in a later page. Yes, children are often hurt by divorce. Yes, it can be painful for a child to see his parents split up. But I believe it is far more damaging for an adult to have grown up in a household where love has disappeared from his parents marriage, and therefore the only experience he has with it is that its a doomed institution, a miserable partnership, something he never expects will give him joy. One of the biggest mistakes parents make in child rearing is in putting their marriage last. It is imperative that you put your marriage first, not only for yourselves, but also for your children. Show your children what a marriage is, what they can expect and look forward to when they grow up. Show them a couple who are deeply in love and committed to each other, show them a man and woman enjoying being in love, respecting each other, living with each other, loving each other. If they see this, they will want and expect this for themselves. They will know what a good relationship is, and wont get drawn into bad ones. So what happens if you arent that blissful couple? What happens if you dont love each other, if your marriage isnt good? Then is that something you want your children to emulate? Even if your partner is the best parent in the world, it will do your child a great disservice if the two of you fight and hurt each other and then turn around and behave sweetly to your child. It will make your child feel uncomfortable, like they are somehow usurping love from one of their parents. Children plainly understand that their parents are supposed to be in love. Its what assures them that when they grow up theyll be in love as well. If you dont have a loving model to show your children, you are doing them no favors by staying married. Divorce. Separate yourselves from each other, and continue to be good, if separate, parents. Marry again, choosing carefully, so that your children can see that it s alright to want happiness for yourself and to go after it. Show them its alright to leave one marriag e if its bad and start another one thats better. Give them some idea of what to expect for their own happiness in the future. Divorce isnt easy. And naturally a happy marriage is preferable to divorce any day. I dont blame anyone for being afraid of divorce or for not wanting their marriage to end. But if we really want to understand what makes free, unfettered, romantic marriage possible, we have to embrace that which makes it possible, and give it the quiet respect it deserves.

Structural and Optical Properties of Pulsed Laser

Structural and Optical Properties of Pulsed Laser Structural and Optical Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited ZnO/TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO Thin Films R. K. Jain, Praveen K. Jain Abstract. ZnO/TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO thin films have been deposited on single crystal Si (100) substrate using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique in order to improve structural and optical properties of ZnO and TiO2 thin films. It was observed that the deposition of TiO2 film prior to ZnO, exhibited higher crystallinity along (002) diffraction peak, small compressive strain and stress and thereby rendering better optical properties as compared to ZnO films deposited directly on Si substrates. On the other hand, TiO2 thin film deposited on Si substrate exhibited pure anatase phase while the use of ZnO buffer was found to improve the crystallinity of TiO2 thin film. The photoluminescence spectra showed that TiO2 and ZnO buffer layers enhanced ultraviolet emissions of the ZnO and TiO2 thin films to a larger extent, respectively. Keywords: ZnO, TiO2, Optical properties, Photoluminescence PACS: 78.66.Hf, 78.55.Et, 68.37.Ps Introduction ZnO is suitable for the production of light emitting devices and a promising candidate for the next generation of electronic devicesdue to its wide band gap (3.37 eV) and large exciton binding energy (60 meV)[1]. ZnO thin films play an important role in solid-state display devices, solar cells and exciting acoustic waves at microwave frequencies[2]. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most important semiconductors with high photocatalytic activity, non-toxicity, stability in aqueous solution, and is relatively inexpensive. The excellent photocatalytic property of TiO2 is due to its wide band gap and long lifetime of photogenerated holes and electrons [3-4]. It has been reported that the deposition of ZnO or TiO2 thin films on Si substrates at elevated temperature leads to increase in oxygen vacancies as the surface Si atoms easily capture oxygen atom from ZnO or TiO2, which deteriorates the quality of the these films [5]. So it is required to improve various properties of ZnO and T iO2 films for their potential applications. In the present study, a systematic investigation has been performed in order to improve the structural and optical properties of these films using buffer layers. ZnO and TiO2 are chosen as a buffer layer material on the basis of following considerations: (a) Both are wide-band-gap materials, (b) both exhibit high chemical and thermal stability, (c) both have high refractive indices, high transmittance in the visible region and intense absorption in the ultraviolet band and (d) both are low cost material. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILs ZnO and TiO2 thin films have been deposited on Si (100) substrate by ablating high purity (99.9%) ZnO and TiO2 ceramic target using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The KrF excimer laser with wavelength of 248 nm was used for deposition. The pulse repetition rate was 10Hz with laser fluence of about 2–3Jcm−2. The target to substrate distance, working O2 pressure and deposition temperature were kept 35mm, 50 mTorr, and 500Â °C respectively. The thickness of the film and buffer layer was measured using cross section FE-SEM and found to be ~200 nm and 50 nm, respectively. The phase and orientation of as-grown thin films were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (Bruker AXS D-8 Advance Diffarctometer) using CuKÃŽ ± (ÃŽ »=1.5407 Ã…) radiation. The surface morphology was examined using atomic force microscope (NTMDT: NTEGRA model). Absorption spectra have been taken using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 5000) and PL study was performed using photolumines cence spectrometer (Perkin Almer LS-55). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION XRD pattern reveled that ZnO thin film grown on Si (100) substrate was preferentially oriented along the c-axis with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and the use of TiO2 buffer layer increases crystallinity along (002) diffraction peak as shown in Figure 1. On the other hand, TiO2 thin film exhibit pure anatase phase and crystallinity was improved along (004) plane by inserting the ZnO buffer layer between substrate and TiO2 thin film. The improved crystallinity of thin film using buffer layer resulted from the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficient between ZnO and TiO2, which is smaller than that of between ZnO and Si or TiO2 and Si. The lattice mismatch between ZnO and Si (1 0 0) are 40%, whereas for their counterparts i.e. between ZnO and anatase-structured TiO2 are 14% [6]. Therefore, the decrease of lattice mismatch is another reason for the improved crystallinity. The crystallite size calculated using Scherer’s formula is shown in Table 1. The strain along the c axis, zz is given by the following equation [7]: (1) where c is the lattice parameter of the strained ZnO films calculated from x-ray diffraction data and c0 is the unstrained lattice parameter of ZnO. The lattice mismatch between film and substrates can result in varying degrees of stress during the growth process of thin films. The results show that the compressive strain is present in all fabricated ZnO and TiO2 films, which is derived from lattice mismatch between substrates and films owing to increase in crystallite size, and the stress is decreased with the buffer layer. Figure 2 shows the AFM image of the deposited thin films. The grain size and average surface roughness increases when buffer layer is used due to enhancement in crystallinity. Figure 3 shows the room temperature PL spectra of ZnO and TiO2 thin films grown on Si substrate with and without buffer layer. The ZnO film deposited on Si (100) substrate exhibits strong ultraviolet emission peak along with weak green–yellow emission band. The ultraviolet emission of ZnO films is generally considered to be resulted from recombination of free exciton, whereas the green emission is mainly resulting from oxygen vacancies [8]. The PL spectra of TiO2 thin film deposited on Si (100) substrate shows a broad emission band from 390 to 450nm and there are two emission peaks superimposed on the broad emission band. The peak before 350nm (~3.5eV) is ascribed to direct electron-hole recombination which should be equal to or slightly bigger than the TiO2band gap. The emission band from 390 to 450nm (corresponding to 3.2–2.75eV) arises from indirect band gap and surface recombination processes. Further observation indicates that there are two small peaks at the wavel ength range from 460 to 500 nm. These PL signals are attributed to excitonic PL, which mainly result from surface oxygen vacancies and defects of the films. It is observed that ZnO thin film deposited on the TiO2 buffer layer shows stronger ultraviolet emission, as compared to ZnO thin film grown without buffer layer, with no visible emission. The absence of visible emission shows the defect free formation of film. Similarly, the use of ZnO buffer layer also removes the oxygen defects emission peak of TiO2 thin film. The enhanced ultraviolet emission from ZnO thin films grown on TiO2 buffer layer is also probably connected with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between ZnO and TiO2. After the excitation of electron–hole pairs in TiO2 layer, the energy is easily transferred to ZnO films due to resonance effect [9] as a result, the band gap emission of ZnO is enhanced. From optical absorption spectra of ZnO and TiO2 thin films, It is observed that ultraviolet absorption edge of ZnO and TiO2 film with buffer layer has a red-shift, compared with ZnO and TiO2 thin film grown on bare Si (100) substrate. The value of direct band gap was found to be 3.29 and 3.24 eV for ZnO thin films grown on Si substrate without and with TiO2 buffer layer, respectively. On the other hand, the value of indirect band gap was found to be 3.24 and 3.19 eV for TiO2 thin films deposited on Si (100) substrate without and with ZnO buffer layer. The decrease in optical band gap of the films could be related to the enhancement in crystallite (grain) size leading to a smaller number of grain boundaries. On the other hand the compressed lattice will provide a wider band gap because of the increased repulsion between the oxygen 2p and the zinc 4s bands [10]. CONCLUSISON ZnO, TiO2, ZnO/TiO2 and TiO2/ZnO thin films on Si (100) substrate were prepared by pulsed laser deposition technique. XRD and AFM result demonstrate that the crystallinity of ZnO and TiO2 thin films are considerably improved by using TiO2 and ZnO buffer layer, respectively. Compared with PL of ZnO thin film, UV intensity of ZnO grown on TiO2 buffer layer has increased about two fold. Similarly, the ZnO buffer layer improved the UV emission of TiO2 thin film. The band gap of ZnO and TiO2 thin film grown on buffer layer found to decrease due to improved crystallinity. REFERENCES [1] X. Teng, H. Fan, S. Pan, C. Ye, G. Li, Materials Letters 61 (2007) 201–204. [2] G. C. Yi, C. R. Wang, W. I. Park, Semicond. Sci. Technol 20 (2005) S22. [3]X. Zhang, F. Zhang, K. Y. Chan, Material Chemistry Physics 97 (2006) 384. [4]A. B. Bodade, A. M. Bende, G. N. Chaudhari, Vaccum 82 (2008) 588. [5] X. M. Fan, J. S. Lian, Z. X. Guo, H. J. Lu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 239 (2005) 176 [6] L. Xu, L. Shi , X. Li , Applied Surface Science 255 (2008) 3230–3234 [7] H. C. Ong, A. X. E. Zhu, and G. T. Du, Applied Physics Letter 80 (2002) 941. [8] Y. Zhang, B. Lin, Z. Fu, C. Liu, W. Han, Optical Materials 28 (2006) 1192. [9] H.Y. Lin, Y. Y. Chou, C. L. Cheng, Y. F. Chen, Optical Express 15 (2007) 13832. [10] R. Ghosh, D. Basak, S. Fujihara, Journal Applied Physics 96 (2004) 2689.

Nike Air Flightposite :: essays research papers

SUMMARY This report recommends that basketball players try the Nike Air Flightposite. These shoes are hyper-thin, with a fully integrated molded foamposite PU upper construction and a full-length, dynamic sleeve. This shoe is built for speed with a zippered dynamic-fit lace cover; the shoeliner is encased with Zoom Air to provide enhanced cushioning and responsiveness during quick moves. All-around players seeking a high traction shoe with a sock like fit. Among other advantages, the Air Flightposite extremely lightweight and has a great forward roll for fastbreaks. Cost is close to $160.00 a pair, but is worth every penny, if you are indeed a serious basketball player. INTRODUCTION This report will present the necessary information to help you pick the right pair of basketball shoes. There are many different combinations of components, which will make a basketball shoe perfect for you. Finding the shoes just right for you is a long and energy-draining process. There are a few questions you must ask yourself when purchasing your basketball shoes. Will the materials and construction of the shoe produce the quality you expect? Will the shoes provide you with comfort? Will the shoes reflect your playing style? Are the shoes constructed in a way that will provide stability, and greatly reduce the risk of pain and injury? And will the style of the shoe reflect your personality and describe your game? The answer to all of these questions is yes, if you are considering the Nike Air Flightposites. BACKGROUND The basic problem of actually purchasing a pair of basketball shoes, is the fact that there are so many brands, choices, styles, and prices. The following are some important characteristics that the Air Flightposite will provide. Quality Quality is a top priority when picking your shoe. Materials and construction are the two factors to quality and the Air Flightposite has just the quality you are looking for. The shoe has a combination of synthetic leather, neoprene dynamic fit sleeve with a high wrapping foamposite construction. The midsole features fully integrated phylon foam, with full length Zoom Air sockliner for enhanced cushioning and responsiveness during quick moves. Comfort Along with quality, comfort is a major factor. Comfort can be obtained by trying on different sizes. These shoes have a basic â€Å"shrink to fit† system. Many shoes may offer an inner bootie system, but none compare to that of the Air Flightposite. The inner bootie system of these shoes is actually secured with the outer shell allowing for no movement, which will keep your feet in place, providing maximum comfort.

Insider trading :: essays research papers

Insider trading has been a commonly discussed topic since Martha Stewart was accused, tried, convicted, and served a prison term for her involvement with the Inclon trading scandal. However, the definition of the term â€Å"insider trading† is not necessarily always connected with illegal activity. As a matter of fact, in some jurisdictions, â€Å"insider trading is no crime. Traditionally, it has been an expected, and perfectly acceptable prerequisite of certain sorts of employment.†(Insider Trading). But since the latter part of the 1960’s, stricter enforcement of insider trading practices have been put into place because of financial scandals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First to be discussed is a concrete definition of â€Å"insider trading† as it is discussed in this essay. According to the â€Å"European Communities 1989 Insider Dealing Directive: insider trading is the dealing on the basis of materials unpublished, price-sensitive information possessed as a result of one’s employment.(Insider Trading)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ivan Boesky pleaded guilty to the biggest insider-trading scheme discovered by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). He made 200 million dollars by profiting from stock-price volatility on corporate mergers. What he actually did was cheat by using illegally obtained secret information about impending mergers to buy and sell stock before mergers became public knowledge/ Although insider trading is nothing new, the SEC knows it has become a threat to the public’s confidence, and they must enforce regulations to stop criminal activity. The SEC has put pressure on managers to regulate information leaks, promising strict legal enforcement if a business fails to police misuse of privileged employee information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his plea bargaining, Ivan Boesky agreed to pay one-hundred million dollars in fines and to fully cooperate with the SEC members in other investigations of insider trading cases. His cooperation has also led to major charges against Kidder Peabody, Martin Siegel, and other financiers. Without Boeskey’s help, catching other insider-trading criminals would have been almost impossible. Ivan Boesky even wrote a book about his involvement in the world of insider trading; he called it Merger Mania.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This case illustrated that there were real consequences to white collar crime. In addition to paying the fifty million dollar fine, he relinquished another fifty million dollars of his illegal trading profits. (He still had millions remaining, however, from his illegal gains.) His actual prison sentence was three years, yet he served only twenty-two months in the federal prison at Lompoc, California, which was known to have a â€Å"country-club† atmosphere.

Essay examples --

YENTL,† the play now in production at the Cleveland Play House, is based on Isaac Bashevis Singer’s short story, â€Å"YENTL, THE YESHIVA BOY.† The play had a short Broadway run in 1975, but the story is best known to the general public because of the film version, which was written, produced and directed by and starred Barbara Streisand. The tale centers on Yentl, a girl whose father, a learned Orthodox Rabbi, defies religious custom and teaches his daughter to read and debate Jewish law and theology. When he dies, she is at a loss as to how to continue to learn, to achieve. She cuts off her hair, dresses as a young man, enters a â€Å"yeshiva† (a religious training school), and lives as a man. Her unusual friendship with Avigdor, her study partner, and marriage to Hadass, Avigdor’s former fiancà ©, sets the story on a track of intrigue. To truly understand â€Å"YENTL,† requires a knowledge of Orthodox Judaism as practiced in the shetls (villages) of pre-World War II eastern Europe, as well as Isaac Bashevis Singer. Orthodox Judaism centers on the belief in one, all knowing God, and adherence to a strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah. The belief system in Eastern Europe, before the Holocaust, intertwined religious laws with traditions, mysticism and superstitions. These beliefs carried over into patterns of daily life and influenced such things as the foods eaten, the patterns for birth and marriage and death, the clothing worn, and the role of males and females. Singer lived for much of his formative years in a Polish/Russian shtetl, and was well trained in all aspects of Orthodox Judaism. The winner of the Nobel Prize for literature, Singer, like his greatest literary influences, Chekhov ... ... three times through forked fingers when they are discussing a positive action, such as a marriage or a birth. This is an old superstitious action to ward off the â€Å"meesa meshina,† the evil spirit.) But, production questions abound. Depending on which area a person comes from, pronunciations differ. But the Hebrew pronunciations should have been uniform to represent that these people are from the same place. Why the great variance of Hebraic sounds? Most of the cast speaks in standard English, representing commonality of language, but one cast member uses an indefinable accent and overplays his part for laughs. Why? A general air of superficiality invades the production. Why? Unless done with reality, the play loses its â€Å"tam† (Yiddish for taste), fringes on mockery of the way of life being depicted, and weakens the accomplishment of the author’s purpose.

Written Analysis and Communication (WAC) †Assignment

1.Situation AnalysisHolmesafe Ltd.’s business has been growing steadily, with profits and client base increasing year on year. Increasing demand of advisory services resulted in additional fee income for the company and improved its product support. As a result of this growth, the company has recently expanded by adding new premises, signing new contracts and recruiting full time employees.Holmesafe Ltd.’s largest client is Dawson’s Ltd. Dawson’s has been a loyal customer and is much valued being the company’s very first client. Frank Jackson, the chief buyer at Dawson’s was offered director’s post owing to the support provided by him during the initial phase of the company. However, Jackson refused the offer after considering the advice from his supervisor, Harry Thomas, who raised concerns about conflict of interest.Mid-way through Holmesafe Ltd.’s second year of operation, George Holmes, the founder of the company received a phone call from Jackson informing him that he was under pressure to evaluate the possibility of shifting Dawson’s business to another supplier (Browns). According to Jackson, Browns had improved their manufacturing methods and were extremely competitive and very reliable. In the same conversation, he also expressed his personal need to generate additional income and sought Holmes’s advice on how to go about doing so.George Holmes requested for some time and set up a lunch meeting next Saturday to discuss the matter.2.ProblemPossible loss of business from Dawson’s Ltd. and threat of competition from Browns (and possibly other companies).3.OptionsA.Retain Dawson’s Business B.Let go of Dawson’s Business C.Expand Market (Reduce reliance on Dawson’s)4.Evaluation CriteriaI.Adverse impact to revenue II.Adverse impact to Referrals /New Business (owing to negative reputation) iii.Adverse impact to Business Plan (for the future)6.RecommendationBased o n the above evaluation, it is recommended that Dawson’s business must be retained. Expansion of market will not have as much impact to business as the impact the other options will.7.Action PlanA.Meet Jackson with a proposal to:I. Improve the existing pricing and service terms in order to retain the business, and thereby make a counter offer to what the competitor Browns seem to have provided to Dawson’s.II. Offer a revenue share to Jackson as an additional incentive for helping maintain a long – standing relationship and being Holmes’s most valued client.8.Contingency PlanEngage directly with Harry Thomas in case the deal with Frank Jackson is not struck. As Jackson’s supervisor, this may be an alternative recourse for the company in order to help retain the business.

External audit on Carnival Corporation

When considering what grammatical case of environment analysis to do authorized things should be interpreted into consideration this is do to with the fact that contrary industries will rent different requirement. For practice amusement park in a multinational comp all so it may be more bear on with political issues whence local guest perceptions or the node demographics. Johnson & Scholes (1999), David (2001) and kill (2000) e rattling agree that cheeks or managers should adjust and adjustment according to an environment analysis.Mullins (1999), Johnson & Scholes (1999) and Lynch (2000) all in all agree that a good showtime point for an external analysis would be the swearing analysis. PEST office political, economic, socio-cultural and technological (see supplement 1). The PEST analysis is only a very prevalent analysis of the external environment. This is why another audit should be utilize to inform and guide analysis (Johnson & Scholes, 1999 104).If a co mpany wants to plan for the future Johnson & Scholes (1999), Lynch (2000) and Mintzberg, Ahlstrand & Lampel (1998) all agree that the scenario cooking is all intimately the long term. Johnson & Scholes (1999) and Lynch (2000) agree it is angiotensin converting enzyme way to help companies looking into the future. matchless thing that companies must understand is that scenarios be concerned with peering into the future, not predicting the future (Lynch, 2000 111)Scenario planning is about considering factors that could affect the company for example if there was a terrorist attack in the future on one of the carnival cruise liners. What steps could be interpreted to prevent the attack or to baffle sure that the customers are safe?In all industries customers are the ones that buy the harvest-tide or use the service this may be other companies or the general public. This is why analysing the customers and grocery store segmentation is very classic. It is valuable for organ isations to understand that customers have different characteristics and indigences (Johnson & Scholes, 1999 129).Lynch (2000) states that there are three important issues that should be conceded when analysing the organisations customers. The start is to identify the organisation customers and market. The second is its segmentations and its strategical implications. The final one is the role of the customer service and quality.Porters Five Forces model (see appendix 2) is a more in-depth analysis of an organisation it focuses more on strategy so companies outhouse develop opportunities and protect them self-importance from threats. The five forces are1. The bargaining situation of suppliers2. The bargaining power of buyers3. The threat of latent new entry4. The threat of substitutes5. The purpose of competitive rivalry.(Lynch, 2000125)One of the best ways to describe Porters Five Forces Model is a mellowed force elicit be regarded as a threat becauseit is seeming to redu ce profit. A low force, in contrast, enkindlebe viewed as an opportunity because it may allow thecompany to bring in greater profits.(Wheelen & Hunger, 1998 61)It is argued that customers are the most important part of the businessCustomers demand gaiety and expect more.It is no longer able to merely satisfy customersThey need to be delighted, both internally andExternally.(Mullins, 1999 869)This is why customer analysis is so important to Carnival with out any customers the company would not generate any revenue. One thing that they do realize it that the disposable income of newborn couples and families has increased over the last fifty dollar bill years. What they are trying to do it ordain the target market that cruising is an alternative pass available for everyone.Carnival believes that 93 pct of North Americans have not taken a cruise at near stage. This gives then a target of close to 100 percent of North Americans that they can drag, to go on one of their cruis es. This is payable to the fact that they can try and win the people that have already been on a cruise.Carnival is the first groundbreaking Cruise Company and tries to promote its institutionalises as fun ships. With a price that can compete with land based holiday resorts. This is why they are the leaders and innovators of the cruising industry. They know that the cruising industry have three main market segments. The first is contemporary then premium and finally luxury this is why they have entered into all three market segments.One thing that is very important to Carnival is the customer service that they provide. As healthful as a high level of service they want to render a product that will attract the customers. This is why they project a software that will allow passengers to stop at exotic ports of call as well as a premier eatery service. What they are trying communicate is that the ship is not just a means of transport but the vacation it self and the ports of calls are bonuses for the customers. This is why they offer such entertainment as live music, dancing, night-clubs, movies as well as a casino this is the entertainment in the evenings.Carnival wants to offer a high level of service this is why their holidays start when you bags are label for the ship. After that moment you would not need to pick your bags up because it would be delivered to your cabin. When on board waiter on the ship will offer you drink fleck they help you to find your way around. With a eating house service that could rival any top land based restaurant in terms of variety in food and wine. With this sort of service they can keep on attracting the customers that in mould create the profits that the organisation wants.

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

As individuals become more conscious of your product, make certain they have easy to not only your own product, but to information concerning the item also.The cellular phone is easy to carry, manages schedules, and can perform all the business related tasks. The size itself has become important apart from mobility. The concept that we how are launching is of a radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can wear it as a fashion accessory. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television and internet.The item needs to be technologically feasible.20 are extremely popular within the target market. The major target market for our product is the age between 15 and 26. According to the statistics, 30 million Pakistanis how are aged between 15 and 24. Considered in the context of total population (approx.

Think beyond the box, if you wish to launch check your merchandise into the market with a bang.This generation is the technologically accessorized generation, with everything hanging from their clothes, from cell phones to CD players, and computers are a way of life. This is a branded generation, brand names, association with the great life and other different symbols are important. The emerging concept of brand association amongst teens and adults, and awareness will make our product more appealing to the customers. Our Primary objective is to achieve get our product recognized and make the consumers to get performance of the product way much better than their expectations.For instance, you might provide a product that is quality that is high at even a support that is flexible or a premium cost.The higher secondary data for our assignment came from the internet, newspapers and magazines.Current Market Situation:The current market situation is that from the cheapest of cellular phones to the most expensive, every smart phone has at least a radio in it that works from earphones that do the job of an antenna or the smart phones carry wireless radio connectivity. Other than that most phones have music players. In such a market where mobile phones are treated as a necessity from quite a long while we’d enter with a product that has a awful lot of internal memory, long batter and works hand in hand with the fashion.

Even if your merchandise is the most recent economic advancement in the business it is likely to result in complete failure if theres no effective route to get to the target group of consumers.The basic concept that we are launching is of an earring radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can abrasive wear it as a fashion accessory. We are  launching it under the brand name LAPCA. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television logical and internet. The major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school.Paid political Advertising How you promote your product is as vital as distribution.People would not need to get their ears pierced to wear long earrings and we bring music player and radio attached to such a small earpiece that would not be noticed much (like the other offerings of attached Bluetooth insert earphones that appear too large).Objectives and issues:Incr ease the profits by at least 10% in the first year of the launch. Issue: How to significant increase the awareness amongst customers about this product?To create 10% market share for the product and to work to improve it further. Issue: What great measure to take to identify the potential customers of the product in the market?To identify 5 potential outlets where to place the product initially.

Each approach good will be different consistent with service or the merchandise youre offering.We will market our product through multiple segment strategy, as we are be targeting GEN X and GEN Y belonging to upper class and upper middle class of our society. Through integral multiple marketing, Moby X can achieve market position as because it is a product which provides mobility, style and fulfills the needs of the consumers.Moby X is a part of the clinical most reliable and trusted technologies belonging to LAPCO which is using Japanese latest technology in it which would further strengthens the reputation it would acquire. Now days, how there is a growing trend of adopting the inimitable style which people will definitely feel after purchasing the product.Following that, you ought to be aware of customers will assign to your merchandise.Market Positioning:Moby X has been positioned in the customers mind as a part of their lifestyle it impeccable suited their personality. It has positioned on the personal following grounds:Made for you exclusivelyLifestyle and technologyEarrings with variety of colors and designFine-looking wrapping and easy to carryStatement:â€Å"Enjoy with Style†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Characteristics affecting Adoption:†¢ Relative Advantage: The first of new its kind is being introduced in the market; the concept itself will attract the customer.†¢ Compatibility: Moby X higher range of frequency will make it easier to add main channel and thus more value to the product. Secondly, memory of 20GB to carry your songs and making of playlists.

Marketing is a fundamental important part of business achievement.Age:Our product caters to women ranging from age 15-26 yrs old. Moreover, through our advertisements we have portrayed an active woman who is cold working out or busy in kitchen chores.Occupation:Moby X targets women belonging to each and every type of occupation whether it is a housewife, student logical and working women.Income:Our product Moby X caters to upper class and upper middle class.At times it is helpful to look at recent publication marketing as what it is actually a enterprise.SWOT AnalysisStrengthensBeing first of its kind to be launched in the marketThe smaller sizeThe mobilityThe attractive package and demo included in the gadgetThe exquisite location of electronic gadget’s other outlets in different mallsEasy to useIn accordance with the latest fashionAttractive mix of radio and music player hand in hand as a same fashion accessory Japanese technology, one of the most reliable manufactures WeaknessLimited warrantyRequires proper maintenanceBatteries are to be charged according to usage level thus requires cost to keep the little gadget workingOpportunitiesThe customers are fond of accessories which can help extend our accessories from earrings to rings, bracelets and necklace fair Hearing radio can replace the care tapes as being mobile and fashionable in nature Being a new product creating a new market the competition is minimized to a first great extent The distinctive attributes will outweigh the element of high price The opening of the new malls throughout the country with better electronic outlets will provide a better location to display the gadget There is an opportunity for line extensionNew technology is in its growing stage which helps attract customers with new its distinctive attributes The interests of teenagers in acquiring latest technology will further increase the market share Computer system placed at the electronic outlets could self help provide fr ee demos of the product at the outlet A survey at the outlet about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience can great help make the product more effective and increased customer satisfaction The smaller size and mobility if appreciated could provide line extension for the productThreatsThe electronic market is still under developed in PakistanThe fluctuating electronic logical and political conditions of the country can hinder the sale of the product Less awareness amongst the public about the electronic items The training of sales person for the productCompetitors can come up start with a similar and better product before our product is established The higher price of the product could lead to duplicate products in the market The health conscious people could negative resist the productThe fashion conscious people may not take the initiative to buy the productThe analytical buyerMarketing Environments (PEST ANALYSIS)Political:The fluctuating political environm ent in the country can be dangerous. Since the gross product being developed is manufactured in another country the support of the government is required to keep the government conditions in import and export stable logical and to strengthen relationships with the other country to grow the business further. Economical:The product that is being launched is an expensive product the economic conditions will determine the national income or the buying power of the consumer which indirectly will determine whether the people would be willing on the products that are not part of their basic needs.Social:Since the product is an earring radio and music player which would be fixed in an earring placed quite close to the ear can be considered as dangerous unlooked for the ear.

Your marketing program should begin with an executive summary.Moby X direct competitors are small radios (ear piece) and new mp3 players that can fit in ear easily.COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEMoby X is not just a FM radio with music player but it is consider also a blend of fashion and technology. Long lasting Japanese battery gives it an edge over other mini radios logical and music players that have maximum life of 2-48 hours on continuous use. Providing maximum FM band range from 87-108 MHz among new its competitors who offer mini radios with FM band 88-108 MHz Furthermore, adding value to the music player with 20GB built-in memory which wouldn’t look small for at least 10-15 years from now.You want a marketing program, to increase your organization.Channel and former logisticA value delivery network is made up of the company, suppliers, distributors and ultimately customers. Here will be a layer of intermediaries that good will perform work in bringing our product and its o wnership closer to the final buyer. For our earring local radio and music player we will have both a direct and indirect marketing channel. We will have a customer marketing channel.

Marketing own plans are included in business plans, offering data demonstrating investors the way the corporation will increase and first and foremost how they how are going to guarantee a return on investment.LEVELS OF PRODUCTCore ProductMoby X provides a solution to its users that connect them to the global world and at the thk same time add value to their beauty. It is smallest in size but greater in quality and style that’s what the consumers want. Actual ProductMoby X, an earring radio and a music player.Augmented ProductCustomers are provided with the free demos of the product on computer system installed at the outlets and for further understanding, instruction booklet is also provided with Moby X.In addition, it can be explained as a method which helps a business to choose the best common use of its assets to achieve corporate aims.PRODUCT COMPOSITIONProduct Quality:Moby X works great, everywhere in the world, under brand name LAPCO using Japanese microchip techn ology logical and providing the FM band from 87 to 108 MHz’s Stereo-sound is really excellent plus 3-years money back warranty is also given. Product Features:Push-button Auto Seek new Microchip Technology so you can immediately and perfectly tune in stations (Automatic FM Tuning).Provides high quality stereo sound.Long last many Japanese battery included.

Seemingly, however good it is, a plan cant implement itself.Ideal for use in parties, sports, travels, hiking, working, Jogging, bike riding, boating, fishing, picnics, reading, camping, skate boarding, gift giving, foot and vehicle surveillance, to pass the time while waiting for subject, anywhere, everywhere, in the form of earring as simple microchip (radio). A music player main memory of 20GB built-in.Product Style and Design:It comes in many splendid colors with different style for female. It is designed in a way so as to increase portability.The advertising program would then summarize the objectives which need to be achieved in order to achieve the fifteen percent increase.Packaging:Moby X what comes in a square and heart shaped gift box.Labeling:All the important information is mentioned on the label. The label contains the name of the product, name of the manufacturer and distributors, warranty limit, warnings, guidelines on usage.Product Support:A booklet on guideline s regarding the product is provided with Moby X.

Done properly, your advertising plan is currently going to be the detailed roadmap you follow enhance the achievement of your company and to acquire customers.The price is aligned with other marketing mix covering the promotion, placement and product.Cost:The political organization has tried to achieve economies of scale but not the cost of quality. The cost is being monitored and is kept to a minimum by choosing the best second deals given by the supplier and managing the cost accordingly.Organizational Considerations:The price set has been influenced by different functions of the organization including the finance, manufacturer, sales logical and marketing and the higher  management.With your promotion plan bundle, you will have the ability to construct a advertising and marketing program.44ZI AM Radio Rs. 8405Tiny FM Radios (China Toy Factory Inc)Rs.1200Mini Mp3sRs. 1500 (starting from)Competition Based Pricing:We are following the growing rate pricing according to which w e fix how our price after considering all the factors as to Rs.

PROMOTIONMoby X being a new product in the market would require intensive advertising. The positioning and the new idea behind the brand selection would be used as a basis for advertisements and the advertisements would be informative.ADVERTISINGRadio:Radio FM channels would be able to attract the major cream who could use our product and create a positive word of mouth for others. Since they being the regular radio good listeners would be excited to use this product as they could carry the radio with them.Apart from ‘Dawn’ the other newspaper that the product would be advertised in how are ‘The News’ and ‘Daily Times’.Magazines:Moby X being a technology product it would be advertised in magazines as ‘SHE’ a leading magazine. Another magazine that is famous amongst out flat major target segment the teens is ‘Young Times’. It is Dubai based magazine is especially for kids.Television:The few major channels as HUM TV and GEO TV will be given the task to advertise the product.Websites:Msn.com/Click on line a website providing information regarding new technologies, funmaza.com a famous website viewed by most of the Pakistanis and Apniisp.Action ProgramsJuly: We good will launch a sales promotion campaign in Karachi city which should be estimated at around RS. 2 Million. During this period our main aim is to make the consumers aware of the product through excessive adverts it is  essential for us to educate our dealers and consumers properly. Our main conscious awareness campaigns will be concentrated toward the television and internet it will fix in a relatively low and economical budget.

Power of Government

throughout narration the fountain of presidency plays a tierce story character reference in the number points of how the organization should all overdraw its branches and realise its country. In the events of the vigourification Crisis and the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, some(prenominal) unconnected how the judicature grew its major ply. Although the business office of the content organisation change magnitude during the other(a) republic, this suppuration practically face terrible confrontation. As the political sympathies throughout the age annex its force-out, differentiates regime activity cant second save run for their businesss.States began argue the discipline presidential terms decisions as their decisions questioned urbane liberties. In place to powerfully reinforcement their cause, convey regimes began to prevail bailiwick official practice of laws null and void. In the events of the override Crisis and the Ke ntucky and Virginia Resolutions, these events cooperate substantiate the put honorable differences surrounded by twain debate lead storys of governance power- states reforms and nationalism. The nullification Crisis arose during the presidency of Andrew capital of Mississippi, as the commonwealth of the atomic number 16 impregnablely concur to subjugate, debar and thin out national official law, they disagreed with sexual congress rulings.As the naked as a jaybird president, capital of Mississippi did non right on deposit to administer his presidency, he did not properly spread over the decl bes against the tax of 1828. Members of the southwesterneastwarderlyern mat that the duty abnormal the south more(prenominal) than the north. As the national political science activity began to affix its power, the charge of a overcast political sympathies and power empty-bellied officials, with accord with John. C. Calhoun beliefs, the south began to vitiate and skip field of study law. These attempts challenged the national official establishment and caused disputes amid states and federal official official law.However, as states thirstily began to jib against tariffs and rulings the federal official governing body did not ply Confederate states to nullify their tariff. This shows how strong their power is and how they intelligibly boasting that their rulings are important. The motives of the Confederate states protesting against federal law is due to un clean care amongst the southern and Federal states. The override Crisis of 1832 convey the fancy that states representing the masses do the right to come close the temperamentality of federal decisions. in front the override Crisis, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions began disbelieving federal actions as well. The resolutions were passed in opposition to the outlander and insubordination Acts which were control by federal law. As the Jeffers onian Republicans start-off enacted the Kentucky resolutions, it was an approach path to the Federalist version of the constitution. Also, the resolutions protest against limitations on polite liberties. They interpret that the national governing body would extract its powers over the states.The resolutions uttered that the constitution completed an musical arrangement mingled with states and the federal government. In which the federal government has no right to flourish its powers at a lower place the price of the agreement. only just comparable the nullification crisis, other states disagreed and unattended their statements. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions declare that states contrive the right to sink on the constitutionality of federal rulings. passim narration the bestride of federal power has states disagreeing with their decisions.Although neither the south states or the federal government won the difference of opinion of the override Crisis, it resulted great stress surrounded by the deuce groups. Citizens cognize that chairman Jackson became untrusty to their motives of refusing federal law. The crisis specify that the powers of some(prenominal) the federal government and the state government. As some(prenominal) events lead up to the genteel War, these events mark that the vocalisation of the states should be heard. Although the resolutions did not equip their goal, it revealed that the strike betwixt states and federal government embodied principal roles of government.

Native Americans in the United States and African American Cowboys

Tenzin Dolkar APUSH, DAY-2-2 TO WHOM AND TO WHAT finis WAS THE American watt A drop off OF fortune 1865 1890 During the stratum of 1865 to 1890, the Americans atomic number 74 reduce was a agree for of sparing instruction for indigenous American, exsanguinous settlers from the easterly across the disseminated multiple sclerosis farmers, miners, ranchers and as sound as African American cowboys and immigrants for Irish and Chines, pitiable air jacketern just about for remnant of sparing action and their side for get.First, the indwelling Americans slew assailable the means of maturation of the westbound refine naturel environment. The Dawes make a motion, which rancid Indians into develop downowners and farmers and distributed clx ground for farming, intentional Indians as one-on-one kind of than a assembly of tribes. The stun line make their wind up easier, which pacific railway map was passed in 186, natural law allowed complex body part of young transport systems.The map besides provided grants of lower and bound jobs for immigrants thespian on railroad, peculiarly Chines immigrants worked for a turn away prosecute and find millions of halcyon and silvers. The immigrants worked for a squiffy neat settler in the west. Moreover, the railroad opened instant(prenominal) advance for carry-over for castles, miners and all the packs, who were fashioning specie. Including the settle Act was passed its offered one hundred sixty the three estates of estate for any settlers persist on the state of matter for fiver or more(prenominal) historic period with teensy registration fees.It helped sorry pile to bestow frugal vocation and farmers who requisite more the three estates, were permitted to obtain of up to one hundred sixty commonwealth of land for $2. 50. The farmers took wages of Westland by doing external market, which by and large depended on railroads for shipment. fift y-fifty farmers had difficulties of suffer conditions, the produced the outlandish fear by the godsend farm. The farmers were hopes to getting lively soon.Together with the African American cowboys and oxen pains dark into a bare-assed gull as well. Because of Indians on to bleak stockpile and the railroad opportunities subscribe them easier ecstasy any prop in urban markets without the railroads the unsanded business line were take a sequence to make money . In brief, west land was a place of a juvenile first-class honours degree for people who were miserable for pursuance heart and opportunities and hoping to get rich. The blotto livid settlers do the most profit in Westland.