Internet Governance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16750 words

Internet Governance - Dissertation Example The Internet's expansiveness and socio-economic importance has created challenging global policy issues. A co-ordinated attack on key infrastructure components or a major security breach could now have significant economic and social repercussions. Even mundane responsibilities like IP number system and DNS administration or technical standards setting have been controversial, including questions about their global inclusiveness. Globally, the digital divide not only captures access impurity but also nationally imposed content restrictions for those already connected. The Internet is not defined by the geographic boundaries that govern nations and laws of the non-virtual world. Without a clear jurisdictional framework for the Internet, scholars, businessmen, and laypersons have been left to decipher in a piecemeal fashion what set of laws and norms, if any, shall govern this forum. The United Nations recognises 189 sovereign countries throughout the world, each with its own system of governance and legal framework. This leaves a vexing international question of who should exercise power over Internet activity and what standards shall be upheld. 1.1 Internet Governance The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN co-ordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider.... The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN coordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top-level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider. This file is then replicated to the other root servers. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a technical coordination body for the Internet, which are specifically coordinating Internet domain names, IP address numbers, and Protocol parameter and port numbers. In addition, ICANN coordinates the stable operation of the Internet's root server system. ICANN's mission is to coordinate technical and policy functions of the DNS in order to promote a safe, stable and commercially viable domain name system, promote competition, and achieve broad representation of global Internet communities. These co-ordinated functions stand in stark contrast to the ad hoc basis on which U.S. government contractors and grantees, and a wide network of volunteers handled many of these key issues. While this informal structure represented the spirit and culture of the research community in which the Internet was developed, the growing international and commercial importance of the Internet necessitated the creation of a technical management.

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibilty Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibilty Essay Business ethics and corporate social responsibility Introduction Anglo American is one of the world’s leading mining companies. It is a UK public limited company and operates on a global scale. Anglo American operates mainly in the primary sector of the world economy. This, as the name suggests, covers industries involved in the first stage of economic activity, such as mining and agriculture. Anglo American operates throughout the world. It has extensive operations in Africa, where 76% of its employees live. It is also a major employer in Europe. Its Tarmac aggregates and construction products business employs nearly 7,000 people in the UK. As a primary producer, Anglo American plays an important role in the world economy. Anglo American produces five main types of raw material.†¢ Business ethics †¢ Corporate social responsibility †¢ Effects of ethical behaviour †¢ Benefits of ethical behaviour Public limited company: a company whose shares are traded on the London Stock Exchange, denoted by the initials plc. Primary sector: the first stage in producing goods. Pressure group: an organisation formed by people with a common interest who get together to further that interest, for example, nongovernmental organisations. Ethics: moral principles or rules of conduct and behaviour accepted by members of society. Corporate social responsibility: the responsibility of an organisation to wider society, to a range of stakeholders including the community and society at large. Mining operations can have a big impact on the environment and on the societies where they work. Since most mineral resources belong to nation states, mining companies largely depend upon a licence to operate from governments. This allows them to extract and process minerals in return for investment and the payment of taxes and royalties. Increasingly it is also important to get the consent of local communities to mining development – a ‘social licence’ to operate. Like all businesses, mining companies are under increasing scrutiny from pressure groups as well as the general public. Anglo American seeks to adopt fair and sound business practice. The company believes that it has an important role to play in building the capabilities of the communities where it works. Issues such as combating corruption and promoting revenue transparency are high on the company’s business agenda. This case study shows how Anglo American seeks to make ethical choices in its business practice. What are business ethics? Business ethics are moral principles that guide the way a business behaves. The same principles that determine an individual’s actions also apply to business. Acting in an ethical way involves distinguishing between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and then making the ‘right’ choice. It is relatively easy to identify unethical business practices. For example, companies should not use child labour. They should not unlawfully use copyrighted materials and processes. They should not engage in bribery. However, it is not always easy to create similar hard-and-fast definitions of good ethical practice. A company must make a competitive return for its shareholders and treat its employees fairly. However a company also has wider responsibilities. It should minimise any harm to the environment and work in ways that do not damage the communities in which it operates. This is known as corporate social responsibility. ANGLO AMERICAN 25 www. thetimes100. co. uk The law is the key starting point for any business. Most leading businesses also have their own statement of Business Principles which set out their core values and standards. In Anglo American’s case, this is called ‘Good Citizenship’. A business should also follow relevant codes of practice that cover its sector. Many companies have created voluntary codes of practice that regulate practices in their industrial sector. These are often drawn up in consultation with governments, employees, local communities and other stakeholders. Anglo American has played an active part in initiatives such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, the United Nations Global Compact and the Global Reporting Initiative. GLOSSARY Code of practice: written guidelines governing business behaviour. This could take the form of a voluntary code or a legally enforced set of regulations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 outlining human rights that should apply to all people. Engagement: the process of involving others in the decision making process. Anglo American has also contributed to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights. This code sets out principles and practices for ensuring that a company’s need to ensure the security of its employees and operations in volatile countries does not adversely impact upon the local population. Thus the Principles provide guidance on how both private and public security forces assigned to protect a mining operation or an oil and gas facility should be vetted, trained in human rights, monitored and controlled. Anglo American also aims to ensure that it plays a role in protecting the human rights of its employees and local people in countries in which it operates. The company supports the principles set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. All companies need to make a profit. However, Anglo American recognises that this objective must take account of ethics as shown in its statement on corporate responsibility: ‘Though providing strong returns for our shareholders remains our prime objective, we do not believe that these can or should be achieved at the expense of social, environmental and moral considerations. Indeed a long-term business such as ours will only thrive if it also takes into account the needs of other stakeholders such as governments, employees, suppliers, communities and customers. ’ An important process used by Anglo American is that of stakeholder engagement. This enables it better to understand the perspectives and priorities of external groups that are affected by its activities and to factor them into its decision-making processes. To support this work at a local level, Anglo American has developed a Socio-Economic Assessment Toolbox or SEAT process. This ‘toolbox’ helps managers to measure the impact of activities on the company and communities. It also helps to improve a mine’s contribution to development through, for example, using its supply chain needs to generate new businesses or to improve the water or electricity infrastructure. They use this toolbox to engage with stakeholders including community representatives. 26 Sometimes communities have to be resettled, with government sanction, in order for important mineral deposits to be accessed. This can cause controversy and divisions in the communities concerned. International best practice sets out a number of key stages in such a process including the need for structured consultation, fair compensation and the importance of restoring and enhancing the livelihoods of people in their new locations. Recently Anglo American has had to undertake two such relocations in South Africa at the villages of Ga Pila and Motlhotlo. These were undertaken with the support of the provincial government and local tribal leadership and after consultation with local people lasting for several years leading to agreement with each householder. New villages have been built with better houses and infrastructure and more land for farming. The relocation programme was voluntary. The relocation programme at Motlhotlo is still under way but at Ga Pila 98% of those living in the old village took up the offer to move to the new village. www. thetimes100. co. uk GLOSSARY Empowerment giving responsibility for making decisions to lower levels within the organisation or community. Indigenous: naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place. Why should a business act ethically? Businesses have great potential to transform peoples lives and to alleviate poverty through generating economic growth. They produce goods and services that customers want and they create jobs. Through paying taxes, they contribute to government revenue that can finance schools, hospitals and other public services. However, a business must keep in tune with the wishes of the societies it serves or it runs the risk of alienating its shareholders, stakeholders and customers. This would be bad for business, reducing growth and potentially affecting profit. Anglo American has to deal with many different levels of interest when setting up a new project. This includes, for example, the owners of the land and the people and services in the area. The current South African government has a policy of transferring a share of the ownership, management and benefits of the countrys mining industry to people previously excluded from the economy. Anglo American is backing the South African government in this process. This includes supporting black economic empowerment deals (BEE). Through this process, Anglo American has sold (usually at a small discount) 26% of its assets in South Africa to BEE groups. For example, Anglo American was instrumental in the creation of Exxaro. This is now the largest black-owned and managed mining company listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It also aims to have at least 40% of its managers drawn from the ranks of previously disadvantaged ethnic groups. Governments in the developing world face many challenging social and economic problems. They need companies that are ready to be part of the solution. Anglo American believes that it can support governments in reducing poverty and inequality and in improving health and welfare. In South Africa, the company has been a major campaigner for AIDS education. It was the first major company in South Africa to announce that it would provide free anti-retroviral drugs to its HIV-positive employees. It now has the largest workplace HIV/AIDS education, voluntary testing and treatment programme in the world. After running the programme for five years studies have shown that the programme has become self-financing through reducing deaths and the attendant loss of skills and cutting absenteeism rates by boosting the health of infected workers. What are the effects of acting ethically? Most business activity incurs financial costs such as equipment and labour. Non-financial costs include noise and impact on the environment. There is a financial cost to acting ethically. To engage stakeholders takes time and money. Mining in ways that minimise environmental impacts is more expensive than extracting resources regardless of impact. An ethical business also recognises its responsibility for minimising the non-financial costs. The Pebble Project in Alaska is a good example of the way that Anglo American takes account of non-financial costs. This is a gold and copper mining project in the early stages of assessment. This could provide new jobs and revenues for the Alaskan economy at a time when oil and gas revenues have been falling. However, some people are concerned that the mine could damage fish stocks and wildlife. Therefore, Anglo American has been consulting widely and through a structured process with local people, politicians, businesses and especially indigenous people. 27 ANGLO AMERICAN Anglo American has made it clear that it will only seek to proceed with the project if it can be done without damage to the local fisheries. It will also give priority to the recruitment of local people. www. thetimes100. co. uk The benefits of ethical behaviour Anglo American establishes goals each year for sustainable development. These goals include: †¢ working without fatal accidents †¢ eliminating occupational diseases †¢ increasing diversity in the workplace †¢ increasing the benefits of mining for local communities †¢ increasing energy efficiency. By working towards these goals, Anglo American hopes to gain a competitive advantage. By demonstrating a more caring and sustainable approach, the company is able to differentiate itself from rival mining companies. It makes Anglo American more likely to be the partner of choice for many governments and communities in the developing world. It also helps with its position on the stock market. Most long-term investors, such as pension funds that run investments for millions of ordinary people in the UK, believe that it is important for a company to consider social and ethical issues and not just the financial bottom line if a business is to be sustainable. Anglo American sees shareholder returns and social and environmental responsibilities as complementary activities. This puts the company in a stronger position. All stakeholders benefit – shareholders, employees, governments, local communities and suppliers. GLOSSARY Sustainable development: development which meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to achieve their own needs and aspirations. Competitive advantage: a strategic element that enables an organisation to compete more effectively than its rivals. Governance: the process of making decisions and governing. Conclusion Anglo American is a multinational organisation with a high profile in the primary extractive sector. Because many new mineral deposits are to be found in developing countries, some of which have weak governance, Anglo American recognises that it must be rigorous in observing local laws, even if they are not always enforced. It has a significant role in supporting good governance initiatives and boosting the opportunities available to the communities associated with its mines. The company is involved in a range of initiatives to help these communities, such as AIDS testing and provision of new local services like schools and clinics. Its socio-economic assessment toolbox helps it measure its impact and engage with local communities to resolve issues and to underpin initiatives like small business development or partnerships with local farmers. The Times Newspaper Limited and  ©MBA Publishing Ltd 2008. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of information, neither the publisher nor the client can be held responsible for errors of omission or commission. The financial and non-financial benefits to the company and shareholders are shown in several ways. Anglo American is trusted as a business partner that takes into account social and environmental issues. It has licence to operate in countries like South Africa, Brazil or Chile, where it is playing an important part in encouraging local business development. Questions 1. What are business ethics? Give two examples of business practices that stakeholders would regard as ethical and two that might be considered unethical. 2. The benefits of ethical business behaviour affect the business itself and the wider community. Taking an example of an Anglo American business project, identify the benefits to the local community and to the company’s shareholders. 3. How is Anglo American’s reputation enhanced by engaging with local communities in decision-making? Why is it important for this engagement to be an ongoing process? 4. Some business decisions involve a careful balance of social, economic and environmental considerations. Evaluate how Anglo American achieves that balance, using examples from the case study.

Mercury :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you may already know Mercury is the first planet . Which makes it the closest to the sun. It is 57,900,000km ( 36,000,000mi.) Because Mercury is so close to the sun it has extreme temperature differences. Mercury’s surface temperatures range from -180*C to 450*C (-290*F to 840*F). Temperatures that hot can melt iron, and other metals. The dramatic temperature difference on Mercury are not only because it is so close to the sun but, also by Mercury’s surface features. The places that are the coldest on Mercury and at the bottom of the craters and basins. The hottest are the places closest to the sun. The temperature of the side that is farthest away from the sun is allot warmer than scientists thought it would be. Not a whole side but parts of Mercury have never been in sunlight before. This is why scientists thought it would be colder than it really was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mercury’s surface is much like the moon, they are very colse to being the same size. It has many craters, high multiple ring basins, and many lava flows. They have their similarities and differences. Mercury’s diameter is 4,900 miles wide. Mercury’s largest feature is the Caloris Basin. The Caloris basin is 1,300 Km (800 MI). in diameter. The Caloris Basins floor is full of cliffs and ridges. As you progress to the bottom the cliffs and ledges increase in size. The Caloris Basin was created when it was bombarded with meteorites. The Caloris basin was created by a meteorite that could of been up to 100 km. When the large meteorite hit Mercury it sent shocks through it which produced jumbled hills on the opposite side of Mercury. This process as known as The Caloris Impact. The lava flowed into craters and basins which filled holes and cracks that smoothed out their floors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like Earth, Mercury has 3 main layers. The Earth’s being the crust, mantle, and core. Earth’s core is made up of molten rock AKA lava. Liquid cores create a magnetic field. Mercury’s three layers are a rocky silicate crust, solid rocky silicate mantle, and a hot liquid iorn-nickle core. The core makes up 75% of its diameter. Scientists did not think that is was possible for the core to be liquid because over the years mercury’s rotation has slowed down dramatically. They thought that it would of been hardened by now. Planets that have a magnetic field that are generated by the rotation of a conductive molten core such as that of Earth and mercury are known as â€Å"The Dynamo Effect†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mercury’s rotation period is 59 earth days long. Mercury :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you may already know Mercury is the first planet . Which makes it the closest to the sun. It is 57,900,000km ( 36,000,000mi.) Because Mercury is so close to the sun it has extreme temperature differences. Mercury’s surface temperatures range from -180*C to 450*C (-290*F to 840*F). Temperatures that hot can melt iron, and other metals. The dramatic temperature difference on Mercury are not only because it is so close to the sun but, also by Mercury’s surface features. The places that are the coldest on Mercury and at the bottom of the craters and basins. The hottest are the places closest to the sun. The temperature of the side that is farthest away from the sun is allot warmer than scientists thought it would be. Not a whole side but parts of Mercury have never been in sunlight before. This is why scientists thought it would be colder than it really was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mercury’s surface is much like the moon, they are very colse to being the same size. It has many craters, high multiple ring basins, and many lava flows. They have their similarities and differences. Mercury’s diameter is 4,900 miles wide. Mercury’s largest feature is the Caloris Basin. The Caloris basin is 1,300 Km (800 MI). in diameter. The Caloris Basins floor is full of cliffs and ridges. As you progress to the bottom the cliffs and ledges increase in size. The Caloris Basin was created when it was bombarded with meteorites. The Caloris basin was created by a meteorite that could of been up to 100 km. When the large meteorite hit Mercury it sent shocks through it which produced jumbled hills on the opposite side of Mercury. This process as known as The Caloris Impact. The lava flowed into craters and basins which filled holes and cracks that smoothed out their floors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like Earth, Mercury has 3 main layers. The Earth’s being the crust, mantle, and core. Earth’s core is made up of molten rock AKA lava. Liquid cores create a magnetic field. Mercury’s three layers are a rocky silicate crust, solid rocky silicate mantle, and a hot liquid iorn-nickle core. The core makes up 75% of its diameter. Scientists did not think that is was possible for the core to be liquid because over the years mercury’s rotation has slowed down dramatically. They thought that it would of been hardened by now. Planets that have a magnetic field that are generated by the rotation of a conductive molten core such as that of Earth and mercury are known as â€Å"The Dynamo Effect†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mercury’s rotation period is 59 earth days long.

The Name “Trifles” and Its Significance

The name Trifles and its significance John Wright was murdered in his bedroom; someone had took a rope and put it around his neck and strangled him. All the men, the sheriff, the country attorney, and the neighbor, thought his wife was the one killed him. This play is based on events that happened in the early 20th century. Susan Glaspell, the writer, uses the word trifles appropriately when naming this play, and she uses this play to establish that women were taken for granted.First, you can see the meaning of the word â€Å"trifles† and the reasons behind why it is an appropriate title. You can first start to figure out the word’s meaning shortly after the play begins. Mrs. Peters tells the men that Mrs. Wright is worried about her fruit jars breaking during the cold winter night. Mr. Peters, who is the sheriff, responses with, â€Å"Well, you can beat the woman! Held for murder and worryin’ about her preserves† (1369). Mr. Hale states, â€Å" Well, wom en are used to worrying over trifles† (1369). Mr. Hale and Mr.Peters refer to Mrs. Wright worrying about the fruit preserves as something of little importance compared to being held for murder. The County Attorney, George Henderson, judges Mrs. Wright of being a poor housekeeper when he tells everyone else, â€Å"Not much of a housekeeper, would you say ladies? † (1369). He is criticizing Mrs. Wright instead of thinking about how this small detail can help solve the investigation. The kitchen is considered to be a woman’s domain, so the men look everywhere else but there and the living room.The wives notice the quilt; Mrs. Hales mentions to Mrs. Peters,† †¦look at this sewing! All the rest of it has been so nice and even, And look at this! It’s all over the place! Why, it looks as if she didn’t know what she was about† (1371). The women worry over the small things around the house; the women are able to figure out the motive of why Mrs. Wright killed her husband, because of all the small, simple details they discovered. Trifles is an appropriate title, because it is the little things that are very sufficient.Finally, Susan Glaspell, the writer, uses the title to express her theme. This play was written in the early 20th century in a man dominated society. Women did not have a say when it came to important decisions. When Mr. Hale is telling the sheriff and the county attorney why he had stopped by that morning he states, â€Å"†¦I said to Harry that I didn’t know as what his wife wanted made much difference to John† (1367). Men made all the decisions and women were to be seen and not heard. Mrs. Hale found the bird in a box that was hidden in Mrs. Wright’s quilting basket.When they opened the box and found the bird, they noticed the bird’s neck was wrung. Mrs. Hale tells Mrs. Peters, â€Å" I wonder how it would seem never to have had children around. No, Wright wouldn’ t like the bird- a thing that sand. She used to sing. He killed that, too† (1373). Mrs. Hale came to the conclusion that Mr. Wright was abusive to his wife and that’s why she changed; this is the reason why she killed him. The county attorney tells Mrs. Peters, â€Å"For the matter a sheriff’s wife is married to the law. Every think of it that way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (! 374). Mrs.Hale protects Mrs. Wright by taking the pretty box with the pretty bird inside. Mrs. Hale knows the difference between the law and justice. She gave justice to Mrs. Wright when no one else was going to. The title Trifles is an appropriate name for this play, because it’s the small, simple details that are the evidence for solving this murder. Susan Glaspell uses this play to show how women were treated in the early 20th century, and how the husbands took their wives for granted. She wanted justice for the women, and she makes an incredible argument in this play.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Seventeen

Five days later, at sea This was not the first time Jack had crossed the Irish Sea. It was not even the second or the third. He wondered if the unease would ever leave him, if he would someday be able to look down at the dark, swirling waters below and not think of his father slipping beneath the surface, meeting his death. Even before he had met the Cavendishes, when his father was just a wispy figment in his mind, he'd disliked this crossing. And yet here he stood. At the railing. He could not seem to help himself. He could not be on the water and not look out. Out, and then down. It was a gentle voyage this time, although that did little to comfort him. It was not that he feared for his own safety. It was just that it all felt so morbid, skimming atop his father's grave. He wanted it done. He wanted to be back on land. Even, he supposed, if that land was Ireland. The last time he'd been home†¦ Jack pinched his lips together, and then he pinched his eyes shut. The last time he had been home was to bring back Arthur's body. It was the hardest thing he'd ever done. Not just because his heart had broken anew with every mile, and not even because he'd dreaded his arrival at home. How could he face his aunt and uncle, delivering to them their dead son? As if all that hadn't been enough, it was damned hard to move a body from France to England to Ireland. He'd had to find a coffin, which was surprisingly difficult in the middle of a war. â€Å"Supply and demand,† one of his friends told him after their first unsuccessful attempt to obtain a coffin. There were a lot of dead bodies strewn about. Coffins were the ultimate luxury on a battlefield. But he had persisted, and he'd followed to the letter the directions he'd been given by the undertaker, filling the wooden coffin with sawdust and sealing it with tar. Even then the smell eventually seeped through, and by the time he reached Ireland, no driver would take the cargo. He'd had to buy his own wagon to get his cousin home. The journey had disrupted his own life, too. The army refused his request to be allowed to move the body, and he was forced to sell off his commission. It was a small price to pay, to be able to do this one last service for his family. But it had meant that he'd had to leave a position for which he was – finally – a perfect fit. School had been a misery, failure after failure. He'd muddled through, mostly with help from Arthur, who, seeing his struggles, had come quietly to his aid. But university – good God, he still could not believe he'd been encouraged to go. He had known it would be a disaster, but Portora Royal boys went on to university. It was as simple as that. But Arthur was a year behind, and without him, Jack didn't have a prayer. Failure would have been too mortifying, so he got himself booted out. Not that it took much imagination to find ways to behave in a manner unbecoming of a Trinity College student. He had returned home, supposedly in disgrace, and it was decided that he might do well in the army. So off he went. It had been a perfect fit. Finally, a place he could succeed and thrive without books and papers and quills. It wasn't that he was unintelligent. It was just that he hated books and papers and quills. They gave him a headache. But that was all over, and now here he was, on his way back to Ireland for the first time since Arthur's funeral service, and he might be the Duke of Wyndham, which would ensure him a bloody lifetime of books and papers and quills. And headaches. He glanced off to his left and saw Thomas standing by the bow with Amelia. He was pointing toward something – probably a bird, since Jack could not see anything else of interest. Amelia was smiling, perhaps not broadly, but enough at least to ease some of the guilt Jack was feeling about the scene back at Belgrave when he had refused to marry her. It wasn't as if he could have done anything else. Did they really think he would roll over and say, Oh, yes, give me anyone! I'll just show up at the church and be grateful. Not that there was anything wrong with Lady Amelia. In fact, one could (and probably would) do much worse, if one were to be forced into marriage. And if he hadn't met Grace†¦ He might have been willing to do it. He heard someone approaching, and when he turned, there she was, as if summoned by his thoughts. She'd left off her bonnet, and her dark hair was ruffling in the breeze. â€Å"It's very pleasant out here,† she said, leaning against the railing next to him. He nodded. He had not seen much of her on the voyage. The dowager had elected to remain in her cabin, and Grace was required to attend to her. She did not complain, of course. She never complained, and in truth, he supposed she did not have reason to do so. It was her job, after all, to remain by the dowager's side. Still, he could not imagine a less palatable position. And he knew he could never have lasted in the post. Soon, he thought. Soon she would be free. They would be married, and Grace would never have to even see the dowager again if that was her desire. Jack did not care if the old bat was his grandmother. She was unkind, selfish, and he had no intention of exchanging another word with her once this was all through. If he turned out to be the duke, he would damn well buy that farm in the Outer Hebrides and send her packing. And if he wasn't, he planned to take Grace by the hand, lead her from Belgrave and never look back. It was a rather happy dream, to tell the truth. Grace looked down, watching the water. â€Å"Isn't it strange,† she mused, â€Å"how quickly it seems to move by.† Jack glanced up at the sail. â€Å"It is a good wind.† â€Å"I know. It makes perfect sense, of course.† She looked up and smiled. â€Å"It is just that I have never been on a boat before.† â€Å"Never?† It did seem difficult to imagine. She shook her head. â€Å"Not like this. My parents took me out rowing on a lake once, but that was just for merry.† She looked back down. â€Å"I have never seen water rushing by like this. It makes me wish I could lean down and dip my fingers in.† â€Å"It's cold,† Jack said. â€Å"Well, yes, of course.† She leaned out, her throat arching as she seemed to catch the wind on her face. â€Å"But I'd still like to touch it.† He shrugged. He ought to be more voluble, especially with her, but he thought he could see the first hint of land on the horizon, and his belly was clenching and twisting. â€Å"Are you all right?† Grace asked. â€Å"I'm fine.† â€Å"You look a bit green. Are you seasick?† He wished. He never got seasick. He was landsick. He didn't want to go back. He'd woken up in the middle of the night, stuck down in his small berth, clammy with sweat. He had to go back. He knew he did. But that didn't mean a very large part of him didn't want to turn coward and flee. He heard Grace's breath catch, and when he looked at her, she was pointing out, her face alight with excitement. It was quite possibly the most beautiful thing he'd ever seen. â€Å"Is that Dublin?† she asked. â€Å"Over there?† He nodded. â€Å"The port. The town proper is a bit farther in.† She craned her neck, which would have been amusing had he not been in such a wretched mood. There was no way she could have seen anything from this distance. â€Å"I've heard it is a charming city,† she said. â€Å"There is much to entertain.† â€Å"It's a pity. I don't expect we shall be spending much time there.† â€Å"No. The dowager is eager to be on her way.† â€Å"Aren't you?† she asked. At that, he took a breath and rubbed his eyes. He was tired, and he was nervous, and it felt as if he was being delivered to his downfall. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"To be honest, I'd be quite happy to stay right here, on this boat, at this railing, for the rest of my life.† Grace turned to him with somber eyes. â€Å"With you,† he said softly. â€Å"Here at this railing, with you.† He looked back out. The port of Dublin was more than a speck on the horizon now. Soon he would be able to make out buildings and ships. Off to his left he could hear Thomas and Amelia chatting. They were pointing out over the water, too, watching the port as it seemed to grow before their eyes. Jack swallowed. The knot in his stomach was growing as well. Good God, it was almost funny. Here he was, back in Ireland, forced to face his family, whom he'd failed so many years before. And if that weren't bad enough, he could very well find himself named the Duke of Wyndham, a position for which he was uniquely unqualified. And then, because no injury should ever be without insult, he had to do it all in the company of the dowager. He wanted to laugh. It was funny. It had to be funny. If it wasn't funny, then he'd have to bloody well go and cry. But he couldn't seem to laugh. He looked out at Dublin, looming larger in the distance. It was too late for laughter. Several hours later, at the Queen's Arms, Dublin â€Å"It is not too late!† â€Å"Ma'am,† Grace said, trying to be as calm and soothing as she could, â€Å"it is past seven. We are all tired and hungry, and the roads are dark and unknown to us.† â€Å"Not to him,† the dowager snapped, jerking her head toward Jack. â€Å"I am tired and hungry,† Jack snapped right back, â€Å"and thanks to you, I no longer travel the roads by moonlight.† Grace bit her lip. They had been traveling over three days now, and one could almost chart the progress of their journey by the shortness of his temper. Every mile that brought them closer to Ireland had taken a notch out of his patience. He'd grown silent and withdrawn, so wholly unlike the man she knew. The man she'd fallen in love with. They had reached the port of Dublin in the late afternoon, but by the time they collected their belongings and made their way into town, it was nearly time for supper. Grace had not eaten much on the sea journey, and now that she was back to standing on surfaces that did not pitch and roll beneath her, she was famished. The last thing she wanted was to press on toward Butlersbridge, the small village in County Cavan where Jack had grown up. But the dowager was being her argumentative self, so they were standing in the front room of the inn, all six of them, while she attempted to dictate the speed and direction of their journey. â€Å"Don't you wish to have this matter settled, once and for all?† the dowager demanded of Jack. â€Å"Not really,† was his insolent response. â€Å"Certainly not as much as I want a slice of shepherd's pie and a tankard of ale.† Jack turned to the rest of them, and Grace ached at the expression in his eyes. He was haunted. But by what, she could not guess. What demons awaited him here? Why had he gone so long between visits? He'd told her he had a lovely childhood, that he adored his adoptive family and would not have traded them for the world. Didn't everyone wish for that? Didn't he want to go home? Didn't he understand how lucky he was to have a home to return to? Grace would have given anything for that. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh,† Jack said, with a courteous nod. â€Å"Lady Amelia.† The two ladies bobbed their curtsies as he departed. â€Å"I do believe he has the right idea of it,† Thomas murmured. â€Å"Supper sounds infinitely more appealing than a night on the roads.† The dowager whipped her head toward him and glared. â€Å"Not,† he said with an extremely dry look, â€Å"that I am attempting to delay the inevitable. Even soon-to-be-dispossessed dukes get hungry.† Lord Crowland laughed aloud at that. â€Å"He has you there, Augusta,† he said jovially, and wandered off to the taproom. â€Å"I shall take my supper in my room,† the dowager announced. Her tone was defiant, as if she expected someone to protest, but of course, no one did. â€Å"Miss Eversleigh,† she barked, â€Å"you may attend to me.† Grace sighed wearily and started to follow. â€Å"No,† Thomas said. The dowager froze. â€Å"No?† she echoed, all ice. Grace turned and looked at Thomas. What could he mean? There had been nothing unusual about the dowager's order. Grace was her companion. This was exactly the sort of thing she had been hired to do. But Thomas stared down his grandmother, a tiny, subversive smile tugging at the corners of his mouth. â€Å"Grace will dine with us. In the dining room.† â€Å"She is my companion,† the dowager hissed. â€Å"Not anymore.† Grace held her breath as she watched the exchange. Matters between Thomas and his grandmother were never cordial, but this seemed to go quite beyond the usual. Thomas almost appeared to be enjoying himself. â€Å"As I have not yet been removed from my position,† he said, speaking slowly, clearly savoring each word, â€Å"I took the liberty of making a few last minute provisions.† â€Å"What the devil are you talking about?† the dowager demanded. â€Å"Grace,† Thomas said, turning to her with friendship and memories in his eyes, â€Å"you are officially relieved of your duties to my grandmother. When you return home, you will find a cottage deeded in your name, along with funds enough to provide an income for the rest of your life.† â€Å"Are you mad?† the dowager sputtered. Grace just stared at him in shock. â€Å"I should have done it long ago,† he said. â€Å"I was too selfish. I couldn't bear the thought of living with her† – he jerked his head toward his grandmother – â€Å"without you there to act as a buffer.† â€Å"I don't know what to say,† she whispered. â€Å"Normally, I'd advise ‘thank you,' but as I am the one thanking you, a mere ‘You are a prince among men' would suffice.† Grace managed a wobbly smile and whispered, â€Å"You are a prince among men.† â€Å"It is always lovely to hear it,† Thomas said. â€Å"Now, would you care to join the rest of us for supper?† Grace turned toward the dowager, who was red-faced with rage. â€Å"You grasping little whore,† she spat. â€Å"Do you think I don't know what you are? Do you think I would allow you in my home again?† Grace stared at her in calm shock, then said, â€Å"I was about to say that I would offer you my assistance for the rest of the journey, since I would never dream of leaving a post without giving proper and courteous notice, but I believe I have reconsidered.† She turned to Amelia, holding her hands carefully at her sides. She was shaking. She was not sure if it was from shock or delight, but she was shaking. â€Å"May I share your room this evening?† she asked Amelia. Because certainly she was not going to remain with the dowager. â€Å"Of course,† Amelia replied promptly. She linked her arm through Grace's. â€Å"Let us have some supper.† It was, Grace later decided, the finest shepherd's pie she'd ever tasted. Several hours later, Grace was up in her room staring out the window while Amelia slept. Grace had tried to go to sleep, but her mind was still all abuzz over Thomas's astounding act of generosity. Plus, she wondered where Jack had gone off to – he'd not been in the dining room when she and Thomas and Amelia arrived, and no one seemed to know what had happened to him. Plus plus, Amelia snored. Grace rather enjoyed the view of Dublin below. They were not in the city center, but the street was busy enough, with local folk going about their business, and plenty of travelers on their way into or out of the port. It was strange, this newfound sense of freedom. She still could not believe that she was here, sharing a bed with Amelia and not curled up on an uncomfortable chair at the dowager's bedside. Supper had been a merry affair. Thomas was in remarkably good spirits, all things considered. He had not said anything more of his generous gift, but Grace knew why he'd done it. If Jack was found to be the true duke – and Thomas was convinced this would be the case – then she could not remain at Belgrave. To have her heart broken anew, every day for the rest of her life – that, she could not bear. Thomas knew that she'd fallen in love with Jack. She had not said so, not expressly, but he knew her well. He had to know. For him to act with such generosity, when she'd gone and fallen in love with the man who might very well be the cause of his downfall – It brought tears to her eyes every time she thought of it. And so now she was independent. An independent woman! She liked the sound of that. She would sleep until noon every day. She would read books. She would wallow in the sheer laziness of it all, at least for a few months, and then find something constructive to do with her time. A charity, perhaps. Or maybe she would learn to paint watercolors. It sounded decadent. It sounded perfect. And lonely. No, she decided firmly, she would find friends. She had many friends in the district. She was glad she would not be leaving Lincolnshire, even if it did mean that she might occasionally cross paths with Jack. Lincolnshire was home. She knew everyone, and they knew her, and her reputation would not be questioned, even if she did set up her own home. She would be able to live in peace and respectability. It would be a good thing. But lonely. No. Not lonely. She would have funds. She could go visit Elizabeth, who would be married to her earl in the South. She could join one of those women's clubs her mother had so adored. They'd met every Tuesday afternoon, claiming they were there to discuss art and literature and the news of the day, but when the meetings were held at Sillsby, Grace had heard far too much laughter for those topics. She would not be lonely. She refused to be lonely. She looked back at Amelia, snoring away on the bed. Poor thing. Grace had often envied the Willoughby girls their secure places in society. They were daughters of an earl, with impeccable bloodlines and generous dowries. It was odd, really, that her future should now be so well-defined while Amelia's was so murky. But she had come to realize that Amelia was no more in control of her own fate than she herself had been. Her father had chosen her husband before she could even speak, before he knew who she was, what she was like. How could he know, looking upon an infant of less than one year, whether she would be suited for life as a duchess? All of her life, Amelia had been stuck, waiting for Thomas to get around to marrying her. And even if she did not end up marrying either of the two Dukes of Wyndham, she'd still find herself obliged to follow her father's dictates. Grace was turning back toward the window when she heard a noise in the hall. Footsteps, she decided. Male. And because she could not help herself, she hurried to her door, opened it a crack, and peered out. Jack. He looked rumpled and tired and achingly heartsick. He was squinting in the dark, trying to figure out which room was his. Grace-the-companion might have retreated back into her room, but Grace-the-woman-of-independent-means was somewhat more daring, and she stepped out, whispering his name. He looked up. His eyes flared, and Grace belatedly remembered that she was still in her nightgown. It was nothing remotely risque; in fact, she was far more covered than she would have been in an evening dress. Still, she hugged her arms to her body as she moved forward. â€Å"Where have you been?† she whispered. He shrugged. â€Å"Out and about. Visiting old haunts.† Something about his voice was unsettling. â€Å"Really?† she asked. â€Å"No.† He looked at her, then rubbed his eyes. â€Å"I was across the street. Having my shepherd's pie.† She smiled. â€Å"And your pint of ale?† â€Å"Two, actually.† He smiled then, a sheepish, boyish thing that tried to banish the exhaustion from his face. â€Å"I missed it.† â€Å"Irish ale?† â€Å"The English stuff is pig swill by comparison.† Grace felt herself warming inside. There was humor in his eyes, the first she'd seen in days. And it was strange – she'd thought it would be torture to be near him, to be with him and hear his voice and see his smile. But all she felt now was happiness. And relief. She could not bear it when he was so unhappy. She needed for him to be him. Even if he could not be hers. â€Å"You should not be out here like this,† he said. â€Å"No.† She shook her head but did not move. He grimaced and looked down at his key. â€Å"I cannot find my room.† Grace took the key from him and peered at it. â€Å"Fourteen,† she said. She looked up. â€Å"The light is dim.† He nodded. â€Å"It is that way,† she told him, pointing down the hall. â€Å"I passed it on the way in.† â€Å"Is your room acceptable?† he asked. â€Å"Large enough for both you and the dowager?† Grace gasped. He did not know. She'd completely forgotten. He had already left when Thomas gave her the cottage. â€Å"I'm not with the dowager,† she said, unable to conceal all of her excitement. â€Å"I – â€Å" â€Å"Someone's coming,† he whispered harshly, and indeed, she heard voices and footsteps on the stairs. He started to steer her back to her room. â€Å"No, I can't.† She dug in her heels. â€Å"Amelia is there.† â€Å"Amelia? Why would she – † He muttered something under his breath and then yanked her along with him down the hall. Into Room 14.

Expository Essay Sample on How to Be a Wise Consumer

Expository Essay Sample on How to Be a Wise Consumer Basics of Expository Essay Writing An expository essay is a written paper that aims not only to reveal the main idea of the narration but also to show all the essential details. This type of essay is used to expand the field of knowledge in a particular area, resorting to descriptions, clarifications, reference to specific sources or actions. Moreover, the expository essay could be a discourse in a necessary field, or through it, it also could maintain the explanations of some essential facts. The main task of the author is to describe the topic in a simple and understandable way, without resorting to personal pronouns and omitting the emotional factor. Before completing the expository essay, the writer thoroughly examines the main idea, analyzes all the facts, compares and contrasts them, and then starts to write the paper on the basis of the received information. Introduction, three body paragraphs, and conclusion are the main parts of the expository essay. The introduction is the most significant part of the work; it should include a smooth presentation of the topic and end with a thesis statement. The body of the expository essay should consist of separate ideas that are supported by reliable sources. The author should resort to various descriptions and detailing of certain aspects of the chosen theme to disclose the topic in a full manner and catch the readers attention. The conclusion represents the consequence regarding the disclosed ideas, and it should not contain new information. Here, it is necessary not to express a personal opinion, that is, to write in a third person. The first step for writing the expository essay is to learn all its features, understand its structure, and get to know what information should be included in the work. Such a stage is fundamental, that is why failing it could lead to a violation of the alleged aspects and components of the essay structure and content. After that, the writer should thoroughly select the appropriate information and be sure of the reliability of the selected sources. Such action will help to enrich the knowledge of the chosen topic, broaden the horizons, as well as determine the main arguments in work. In addition to the previous step, for clarity, the writer could find some examples of the expository essays to see visually and understand how the story should be built, which arguments are significant, and how specific facts are presented. However, it is necessary to consider that the found examples should be on an abstract topic, so as not to adopt other persons ideas at an unconscious level. Moreover, before writing an essay, the writer should make draft or outline. Such practice helps briefly formulate the main points to get a good idea of the information to introduce. In the body of the expository essay, it is necessary to describe the main arguments, so that they smoothly go over each other and deeply reflect the idea of the chosen topic. ‘How to Be a Wise Consumer’ Essay Sample For today, shopping has become an integral part of every persons life. Walking through the various stores in search of the necessary product people perceive a considerable amount of information which sometimes significantly influences their choice. Having studied human psychology, entrepreneurs develop advertising for their product or various manipulations aimed at maximizing the impact on the consumer. That is why everyone can fall into the trap and be deceived without knowing it. A wise consumer should understand why the product is necessary, explore its optimal cost, and make sure of quality before purchasing it in order not to be confused or misinformed. First of all, the person should decide whether this product is necessary for him/her and how long it will be used. Being in the store, people find a vast amount of attractive goods that they immediately buy without any hesitation. However, frequently, the fragility, uselessness, or defects of the product are disclosed after the purchase. At the psychological level, it is human nature to be obsessed with the particular things and, therefore, to buy them unnecessarily without any thought. In order not to be full of regrets after making a purchase, the buyer should weigh all its pros and cons. After that, decide how often it will be used and whether it is reasonable to buy it for a certain amount. Some products are popular, and if the person searches it thoroughly, he/she could find a similar one for a lower price. Thus, a clear understanding of the desired thing will help the consumer to avoid unpleasant consequences and make a good choice. Researching the market and the best prices, taking into account the budget and financial capabilities, is another crucial step in shopping. In the store, people in most cases become impressed by the product range and spend a significant amount of money or savings on the particular one. According to the specialists, such method of shopping is not the reasonable and correct step towards spending one’s funds. To make a bargain, the buyer should examine the available offers and compare the quality and cost of the necessary goods. The right ways to find descriptive information are the Internet, various forums, and review sites. After analyzing the online sources as well as the available places for the presence of the necessary goods, comparing prices and quality, consumers have an excellent opportunity to purchase it. Advertisements are aimed at attracting the greatest number of buyers by all means; however, they do not always contain truthful information. Focusing on the information provided by the company itself about the product since the person can fall for its influence and make a completely useless purchase or buy a low-quality product. In the process of choosing a certain item, it is also necessary to take into account its quality and long-term use. To date, there is a considerable number of methods, with the help of which the person can check it out. An excellent way to verify the reliability is the Internet reviews which show the buyer the quality of the product, its advantages and disadvantages in the example of the experience of real people. Another method is the friends or relatives’ opinion who have previously bought the same thing; they will tell more and give a piece of good advice. In conclusion, the wise consumer always attentively makes purchases considering all the details and steps. Today, there is a considerable amount of traps and troubles into which the average buyer can fall. Manufacturers aim at increasing their profits by any means. Therefore, they try to use psychological methods of influence in their work. The buyer should first be careful in order not to be deceived. Focusing on the quality, positive characteristics, and favorable value, each person can be confident in one’s choice. Post-Writing Tips The example of the expository essay consists of the introduction and thesis where the reader learns about the idea that the author wants to convey, structured and detailed body part, and definite conclusion. In the example above, everyone can see how the expository essay is organized and how it is necessary to reveal the main ideas accurately. The author does not resort to the expression of personal opinion but describes the standard and most frequently used tips on how to become a wise customer in detail. This type of essay is a reflection of the collected and analyzed information, which will help readers to extract all the necessary information quickly and briefly. The author’s suggestions are written in a certain way, accurately distinguishing between the topic and concluding sentence in body paragraphs; such an approach also omits colorful descriptions, elaborate, and inappropriate vocabulary. After writing the expository essay sample, the author should check it, turn attention to the correct usage of grammatical structures, punctuation, and the relevance of vocabulary. In case the writer is not sure of some point, it is better to revise the expository essay example, thus making the idea clearer and more accessible to the reader. The final step is to check and correctly design a list of references. The writer should arrange the reference marks according to the given format and list used sources in alphabetical order. It is also essential to note that in the process of writing a descriptive essay, the author may resort to additional research or use other materials, radically changing the content. In this case, it is necessary to reread the introduction and the thesis, so that they reflect new ideas. Such a method will help to avoid misunderstandings from the reader`s side and make a smooth transition between paragraphs. Sometimes, after writing the expository essay, it is n ot entirely understandable whether the idea is fully disclosed or not, so the person can ask someone to read it. The third party does not know the written text and the provided information, so he is fresh and could objectively evaluate the work and make some adjustments. The above expository essay tips are useful sub-descriptions for writers to make the expository essay of any complexity successfully, reflect all the essential ideas on a particular topic, and present the main points to the reader.

The Grapes Of Wrath Essays - Dust Bowl, U.S. Route 66, Great Plains

The Grapes Of Wrath Essays - Dust Bowl, U.S. Route 66, Great Plains The Grapes of Wrath If you consider Ma Joad concrete then consider Pa limestone... The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, shows a whole family and their struggles. The grapes of Wrath is modeled after a biblical reference to the Israelites, god?s chosen people. They also left their land, Egypt, and wandered into the desert for many years,searching in vain for a promised land, the land of milk and honey. A lot like the Israelites, many farmers in the middle of the country began migrating to California. The Joads I believe had no choice but to leave the dust bowl to find work. They also had to cross the desert and lost the life of Grandma Joad in the process. During the depression the Joads? farm was foreclosed. Them and all around them were driven from their land. The depression caused all to be extremely poor. If this hadn?t been the case the migrants would have all made it to the west coast a lot easier. The country set itself up during the depression in a way that caused only a vicious circle. The country was in a rut and held itself there. Steinbeck was trying to capture an average depression swept family. In this search he created the Joads. Banks began to foreclose on farms and people became homeless. The losses of everything they owned caused people to have no choice. The only way was to leave. They were driven from their land. A difficult struggle lied ahead for the people. They left with everything they owned. There was so little, they strapped it onto, usually to a rundown old pick-up truck. With Steinbeck trying to show the real life issues intermitanly introduced all the political aspects and outlooks of the depression. He would, in odd chapters, show the aspects that lay for everyone, not just the Joads. Stein beck often showed the prejudice and hatred for the migrants. Somewhere around the middle of the book an ?okie? family stops at a roadside 66 truck stop. They are hoping to buy some bread with the mere money they have rationed. The waitress is very bitter and tries to get rid of the man. She turns down his needs for a half a loaf of bread. her boss turns and reprimands her. The man is sold a small amount of bread for his money. The man turns to see his little boys gazing at the candy case. It eats at his stomach to know that he can?t afford to buy his boys candy. The man timidly asks if t! he candy is penny candy. The waitress replies no. The man aches. The waitress turns and states that it?s two for a penny. Smiling as they head down the road the waitress feels good about herself as the candies were a nickel a piece. The depression and all the migrant brought a lot of spite and anger. But in a few cases it also caused people to draw up a kinder side of the waitress Mae, was shown by Steinbeck. Probably the biggest act of kindness Steinbeck shows is in the end of the novel. The biggest symbols found by myself lead to the loss. Rose of Sharon Joad loses her baby before she delivers. Afterwards, as were very familiar with comes great flooding. This is where Steinbeck shows the coming generosity. Rose of Sharon breast feeds a starving stranger, saving a life. The effect on people because of the depression is shown by Steinbeck. He shows the kindness and the bitterness that came to our country. The effect comes from death and poverty just the same as any time period but the cause was much stronger- the depression.

3 Expert Tips for the Boston University Supplement Essays

3 Expert Tips for the Boston University Supplement Essays SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re applying to Boston University this year, you’ll have to respond to at least two Boston University essay prompts. In this article, we’ll cover what the Boston University essay prompts are, how to answer them, and provide key tips for writing the best application essays possible. What Are the Boston University Essays? Boston University requires its applicants to respond to at least two Boston University essays as part of its admissions requirements. You may also have to respond to a third, additional essay, depending on what school or program you’re applying to. Boston University uses the Common Application for admission, so the Boston University essays are all submitted through the Common App’s platform. The essays are an important part of your application - they give you a chance to show the admissions committee a different side of your personality than what they see in the rest of your application. The Boston University essays also give you a chance to wow the admissions committee with your creativity and writing skills, so it’s important to put a lot of effort into your essays to make them as strong as possible. Boston University Essay Prompts and Requirements There are a number of different Boston University essay prompts, depending on what program you are applying to and whether or not you decide to apply for a scholarship. All students must answer the â€Å"Why Boston University† essay and can submit extra work as part of the â€Å"Extra Space† prompt. Applicants to the Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine, Kilachand Honors College, and the Trustees Scholarships must also answer additional essays, each with their own word count and requirements. Let’s take a look at each of the prompts: "Why Boston University": What about being a student at Boston University most excites you? (250 words) "Extra Space" prompt: Please use this space if you have additional information, materials, or writing samples you would like us to consider. (2000 KB PDF file) For Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine applicants: The Accelerated Programs Admission Committee is interested in learning more about you. Please write an essay on why you wish to enter the health professions, including what experiences have led you to this decision and what you hope to gain from your chosen profession. Please make sure your essay is completely distinct from the one you submitted on the Common Application. (750 words) For Kilachand Honors College applicants: Kilachand Honors College offers a challenging liberal arts education grounded in critical and creative thinking and interdisciplinary problem-solving. What do you think this approach means? Reflect on what has been missing in your education to date, giving at least one concrete example to support your response. How would Kilachand’s interdisciplinary curriculum fulfill your academic, creative, intellectual, and/or professional goals? (600 words) For Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please select one of the questions below and respond with an essay explaining your perspective. (600 words) Option A: The list of works banned throughout history is long and sometimes surprising. Examples include the Bible, King Lear, The Origin of Species, Mein Kampf, Lolita, The Diary of Anne Frank, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Isaac Asimov wrote: â€Å"Any book worth banning is a book worth reading.† Do you agree? Is such censorship ever justified? If so, who or what should determine which books are read and which are forbidden? Option B: Economists describe a â€Å"moral hazard† as individuals’ tendency to take greater risks when they believe that they will not bear the full cost of their actions. Some may be less careful driving, for instance, if they know that their insurance provider will cover potential accidents, while the uninsured will drive with more caution. A recent study similarly suggests a correlation between greater access to Narcan, the drug used to reverse potentially fatal opioid overdoses, and a rise in the use of opioids. In your opinion, should the concept of moral hazard affect public policy? If so, what are the relevant factors policymakers should consider in assessing questions of public safety and individual responsibility? Option C: â€Å"The perfect search engine,† Google’s co-founder Sergey Brin has said, â€Å"would be like the mind of God.† In your opinion, will science and technology eventually allow us to know all things knowable? Are there limits to what the perfect search engine will reveal, or might it indeed become like the mind of God? For all Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please submit a short essay to the following statement: â€Å"Something that’s not on the resume.† Give us a glimpse of a passion, dream, or mental pursuit that absorbs and delights you. (300 words) Boston University Essay Prompts, Analyzed Let’s take a look at each of the Boston University essay prompts. In this section, we’ll break down what each prompt is asking, how you should answer, what kind of topics will work to answer the prompt, and what you should avoid talking about. What about being a student at Boston University most excites you? (250 words) The first Boston University Supplement Essay prompt is a classic â€Å"Why this school† essay prompt. These types of essays ask you to demonstrate to the admissions committee why this school is the one for you. Your answer should be Boston University-specific. You should do your research on Boston University to be able to name specific classes, programs, or professors that excite you. Your essay should focus on why you want to attend Boston University - not why you want to attend college in general. Don’t speak generically - Boston University knows that it has great academics and interesting classes. You need to name specific parts of the school that are attractive to you as a student. Maybe you’re interested in film and television and want to be part of BUTV10, or perhaps you want to work on a Senior Design Project in College of Engineering. Whatever your reason, make it specific to BU - something that you can’t get at any other college or university. For more information on how to answer this essay prompt, visit our article on the subject! (Coming soon) Please use this space if you have additional information, materials, or writing samples you would like us to consider. (2000 KB PDF file) The second Boston University supplement essay prompt may seem intimidating - what should you upload? You should use this essay prompt as a chance to a.) demonstrate the quality of your work and/or b.) present yourself as a well-rounded person. If, for instance, you are the first chair in your high school’s wind symphony, you might want to upload a MP3 file of your playing. Boston University will have lots of students applying who are musicians - sending in a file of yourself playing can demonstrate the quality of your musicianship. On the other hand, if you’ve been playing in a punk band with some friends for fun for five years but didn’t mention it elsewhere on your application, this essay prompt gives you the perfect opportunity to present another aspect of your personality. Whatever you choose to upload, make sure that it is high quality and well put-together. Submitting something that’s confusing or sloppy can give the admissions committee the wrong impression, so if you don’t have anything that stands out as something you’d want to submit, you could skip this question altogether. For Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine applicants: The Accelerated Programs Admission Committee is interested in learning more about you. Please write an essay on why you wish to enter the health professions, including what experiences have led you to this decision and what you hope to gain from your chosen profession. Please make sure your essay is completely distinct from the one you submitted on the Common Application. (750 words) This prompt is only for students who are applying to the Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine. This Boston University Supplement Essay prompt is a pretty standard example of a health professional admissions essay, but the long word count is tricky. You want to be specific and passionate, not redundant and long-winded. You can break your essay down into two main parts: why you decided to enter the health professions and what you hope to gain from doing so. When you talk about why you decided to enter the health professions, be sure to highlight any specific experiences that influenced your decision. Don’t speak in generalizations or platitudes - call out real experiences that made you decide to apply. Don’t, for instance, say that you want to change the world through medicine, unless you can back it up with a solid explanation of why. Discussing what you hope to gain from the profession is an opportunity to hammer home why Boston University is such an important part of your education. Talk about what you hope to achieve in your career and how Boston University can help you get there. For Kilachand Honors College applicants: Kilachand Honors College offers a challenging liberal arts education grounded in critical and creative thinking and interdisciplinary problem-solving. What do you think this approach means? Reflect on what has been missing in your education to date, giving at least one concrete example to support your response. How would Kilachand’s interdisciplinary curriculum fulfill your academic, creative, intellectual, and/or professional goals? (600 words) Students who are applying to Boston University’s Kilachand Honors College must answer an additional 600 word prompt. This Boston University supplement essay prompt is all about academics - what interests you and how Boston University can help you fulfill your goals. The Kilachand Honors College is a living and learning community where you have the opportunity to participate in experiential learning activities, so it’s a good idea to highlight how practical application and real-world experience is important to you in this essay. The key to this prompt is to be specific. You don’t need to talk about all of your academic interests here - in fact, it’s probably better to just discuss one or two that are really important to you. Whatever interest you choose to write about, you should make sure that you highlight how you would continue to explore that interest at Boston University. For Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please select one of the questions below and respond with an essay explaining your perspective. (600 words) Option A: The list of works banned throughout history is long and sometimes surprising. Examples include the Bible, King Lear, The Origin of Species, Mein Kampf, Lolita, The Diary of Anne Frank, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Isaac Asimov wrote: â€Å"Any book worth banning is a book worth reading.† Do you agree? Is such censorship ever justified? If so, who or what should determine which books are read and which are forbidden? Option B: Economists describe a â€Å"moral hazard† as individuals’ tendency to take greater risks when they believe that they will not bear the full cost of their actions. Some may be less careful driving, for instance, if they know that their insurance provider will cover potential accidents, while the uninsured will drive with more caution. A recent study similarly suggests a correlation between greater access to Narcan, the drug used to reverse potentially fatal opioid overdoses, and a rise in the use of opioids. In your opinion, should the concept of moral hazard affect public policy? If so, what are the relevant factors policymakers should consider in assessing questions of public safety and individual responsibility? Option C: â€Å"The perfect search engine,† Google’s co-founder Sergey Brin has said, â€Å"would be like the mind of God.† In your opinion, will science and technology eventually allow us to know all things knowable? Are there limits to what the perfect search engine will reveal, or might it indeed become like the mind of God? Please submit a short essay to the following statement: â€Å"Something that’s not on the resume.† Give us a glimpse of a passion, dream, or mental pursuit that absorbs and delights you. (300 words) Students who are applying for the Boston University Trustees Scholarships must answer not one, but two, additional essays. The first essay is 600 words and the second is 300 words. The longer Trustees Scholarship prompt asks you to pick between three questions to answer. The three options are all fairly academic, focusing on banned books, moral responsibility, and search engines. Which prompt you pick doesn’t matter nearly as much as how you answer it. Your answer should have a strong, persuasive argument with specific reasons as evidence. The final prompt gives you the opportunity to talk about non-academic interests. This essay is the place to talk about your passion for handcrafting popup cards or your delight in finishing the NY Times crossword puzzle every day. You can pick something seemingly trivial - go with whatever makes you happy! Key Tips for Writing an Amazing Boston University Supplement Essay Ready to write an amazing Boston University supplement essay? Follow these key tips to do so! #1: Use Your Own Voice The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your admissions essays are your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. You should, then, make sure that the person you’re presenting in your college essays is yourself. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. If you lie or exaggerate, your essay will come across as insincere, which will diminish its effectiveness. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think Boston University wants you to be. #2: Avoid Cliches and Overused Phrases When writing your Boston University essays, try to avoid using cliches or overused quotes or phrases. These include quotations that have been quoted to death and phrases or idioms that are overused in daily life. The college admissions committee has probably seen numerous essays that state, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world.† Strive for originality. Similarly, avoid using cliches, which take away from the strength and sincerity of your work. Boston University’s admissions committee will see hundreds, if not thousands, of essays that talk about how much the applicant loves Boston. Saying that you want to study in the world’s greatest college town is trite and overdone. If you are excited about going to school in Boston, make sure that you have a really specific reason that also ties to Boston University’s opportunities. #3: Check Your Work It should almost go without saying, but make sure your Boston University essays are the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your Boston University application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your Boston University essays, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. Final Thoughts Regardless of which program you're applying to at Boston University, you want to make sure that your Boston University essays are a great example of who you are as a student and a person and why Boston University should accept you. Your essay should: Be personal Be specific Be free of spelling and grammar errors Your essay should not: Be generic Be focused on Boston, not Boston University The more effort you put into your essays, thebetter chance you have of getting accepted to Boston University! What’s Next? Do you want to learn more about the Why Boston essay? We created an in-depth guide to help you ace this essay. Check it out here! Starting your essay is often the hardest part.If you're unsure where to begin, check out this guide tostarting a college essay perfectly, so you're ready to ace that introduction! A good essay is just one part of a successful Boston Universityapplication. If you want to really wow the admissions office, be sure yourgrades and test scoresare up to snuff, too! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Youth Within the Juvenile Justice System Research Paper

Youth Within the Juvenile Justice System - Research Paper Example This report stresses that juvenile correction is defined as a part of the juvenile justice continuum that involves safe and temporary custody of juveniles whose alleged behavior is subject to a court jurisdiction and requires an environment that is restricted for community’s and their protection as they await legal action. This paper makes a conclusion that mediation, restoration, and apology can be used with an intention to satisfy the feelings of the victims of committed crimes. Thus, restorative justice that is justified by the benefits they result in is another important way of training juvenile corrections. Adopting the theory of punishment as a way of communicating with the children using punitive measures is another way that juvenile correction is trained. This involves the community, parents and youth correctional officers. the juvenile corrections are confronting with the challenge of space. This has been one very difficult challenge facing both the administrators and the practitioners. In some cases, underestimation of future admissions has always led to overcrowding and inaccessible facilities. The juvenile corrections lack adequate human resource personnel. This has contributed to a rise in recidivism among the juveniles. There is the need for skills training officers, psychiatrists to mana ge anger and mental health problem, vocational training officers, among other technical areas that will address the problem of these young people.

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

None - Essay Example Here is another example of a church steeple designed by Perret. Although it features flat faces and a square design, there remain interesting elements throughout the tower beginning with the same sort of simple understated buttresses at the top of the tower. These pull the interest up thanks to their staggered structure, some supporting high while others support low. Although the steeple is made of concrete, Perret introduces a sense of delicacy to the material with intricate lacy patterns running up the faces and throughout other segments of the church. I like the Maison de Georges Braque because it’s one of the few examples I’ve seen of a private home designed in the modern style. It features a concentration of glass and steel as its principle construction components with brick providing the more solid elements of the building at the entrance and along the matching chimneys found at either end. Perret added interest to the building by angling the upper windows in a gentle slope that both allows more light to enter the home as well as allows rain water to naturally slide off, therefore combining function with aesthetics. This is another example of a house designed in the modern style, but it’s only recognizable as a home because of its name. The building retains interest, though, thanks to the creative use of new building materials such as concrete, steel and glass. With its large front windows that span the entire front of the building and two thirds of its lower portion, it seems like a perfect showroom for a store and the optical illusion of the heavy upper story about to crush the airy lower story is interesting. This headquarters for the Navy presents a solid face to the surrounding world, but remains interesting because of its seemingly uneven divisions from top to bottom and its evenly spaced concrete and glass partitions along the sides.

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

International Relations - Essay Example ate activity (the use of the sea, outer space and Antarctica, international telecommunications, postal services, the carriage of goods and passengers by air and the transfer of money) and is a primary tool for the conduct of international trade. (The nature of international law) The basis of international law is the concern of the rights and duties of the states. In the system of values underlying international law is the principle of legal equals but not legal superiority. As the world of today grows interdependent more and more, every state is interested to abide by international law which ensures a stable environment for the international relations development. International law is believed to be based on reciprocity principle. The concept of reciprocity is fundamental to bilateralism. It means that equal social partners establish bilateral relationships that are not unidirectional but involve at least some element of quid pro quo. This concept of reciprocity may be responsible for a great deal of inter-state co-operation or exchange, outside or in addition to any international legal obligations. It is a principle of international law: in the context of general customary international law any state claiming a right under that law has to accord all other states has same right. (Byers) Norms of reciprocity emerged as meta-rules for the system in the absence of a recognized rule of law. We may talk of reciprocity in the case when parties’ incentives are aligned perfectly. (Parisis & Ghei, 2002) The vast body of literature proves that individuals are motivated by concerns of fairness and reciprocity. There’s no need for external enforcement mechanisms, such as a legal system, or a threat of coercion. Numerous authors (Axelrod R., Berg J.,) prove that cooperation is not based only on the model of self-interest and that reciprocity is an essential element of human behavior. The principle of reciprocity remains essential in international law, due to the

Managing your Career Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing your Career - Coursework Example Goals, n.d.). Finally, a career timeline would also be presented to provide an overview of how one sees professional growth within the organizational setting. Self-reflective Personal SWOT Analysis Based on one’s personal assessment of employability skills, the following are hereby categorized as one’s personal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats SWOT, as presented below: Strengths: Due to the course modules taken as part of the business degree program, one’s personal assessment has identified strengths in self-management, communication and literacy, as well as possessing a positive (can-do) attitude. Self Management Strengths in self-management were developed through practicing prioritization of academic activities and balancing school and life endeavors. There is no need for constant reminder to do required tasks and responsibilities. One developed and designed an effective system for managing tasks through a personal diary and calendar of activiti es which are frequently reviewed, noted on which tasks have been duly accomplished, which ones need to be scheduled next, and which ones are urgent and need to be addressed immediately. One recognizes that organizations require personnel who have innate initiatives and abilities to organize and adhere to roles and responsibilities defined to be accomplished within stipulated time frames. †¢ Communication and literacy Through courses taken in English and human behavior in organization modules that emphasize communication in organizational settings; in conjunction with regular interpersonal correspondences using verbal and non-verbal modes of communication through daily interaction with students, teachers, and administrative staff, one definitely identifies having gained competency and strengths in communication. The skills gained in English courses included observing and acknowledging grammatical rules, writing business correspondences, communicating with various stakeholders, a nd understanding diversity in language through non-verbal communication patterns. †¢ Positive (can-do) attitude The optimistic behavior and assuming a positive outlook in life has been inculcated since early development years. As such, one developed strengths in defining personal and professional goals and design strategies that assist in achieving these goals. Likewise, through various academic challenges, one learned to be resilient and acknowledge that failure is part of life. One is therefore not intimidated to face difficulties and challenges and take these situations as means to develop strengths in personal outlook and in learning through adversities. Weaknesses: With one’s academic background and limited work experience, one acknowledged that there are still weaknesses in terms of applications of theoretical frameworks, specifically in areas of numeracy and advanced information technology. Application of numeracy So far, one was able to develop the needed theoret ical framework for numeracy from previous academic backgrounds that delved into subjects such as mathematics, statistics, and college algebra. Basic courses in accounting, finance and quantitative methods likewise provided knowledge on numeracy. However, applications of th

Management Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Coursework - Essay Example Thus container shipping was one of the early industries to become heavily reliant on operational computer systems. However, it is one thing being able to access all the information in your computer systems on your own premises, but the true benefits from technology are only really experienced to the full when you have the ability to communicate this information wherever and whenever it is needed. State-of-the-art communications are fast becoming a necessity in today's international freighting and transport industries. Sophisticated logistics chains, offering a fast and flexible response to customer demands, require an accurate flow of information for tracking, planning and control. An efficient, streamlined system such as this is essential in order to meet the demands of the "just-in-time" concepts developed by the manufacturing industry whereby every stage of the process is timed to perfection. Everything required, no more no less, is in the right place at the right time, thereby saving huge amounts of time and money associated with stock inventories. Fast and efficient planning, stowage and tracking of cargo are the freighting and transport industry's response to manufacturers' needs. (Lakshmanan, 2001) From the outset, many sectors of the shipping and containerization industries saw electro... EDI standards was closely monitored by the industry and a message development group was set up early in the life of the EDI Association to consider new Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transportation - or trade (EDIFACT) standards for the shipping industry. In the deep-sea trade, a single container vessel can currently carry in excess of 4,000 containers. Typically, for example, a vessel will load containers at four or five ports in Europe for discharge at any of six or more ports in the Far East and it will additionally discharge and load containers at two further ports on the way. It is, therefore, a complicated exercise to keep control of the stowage plan such that all loading ports can add their cargo to the ship efficiently and with the minimum movement of the containers already on board. Additionally, the ports where cargo is to be unloaded are required to be able to access their containers easily and without having to move other containers in the process. (Shipley, 2003) A stowage plan of a container vessel is called a bayplan. A bayplan, in paper form, is a series of diagrams consisting of each cross-section of the ship or a list of each possible location on the ship and its contents. In EDIFACT terms, a bayplan is a UNSM called BAPLIE, which consists of a header section with information identifying the vessel and then a group of segments which is repeated for each container on board and containing relevant information about the container including its position on the ship, its loading and destination ports, the nature of the goods carried and the conditions under which it should be stowed on board. Traditionally, the bayplan was transmitted between port container terminals and ship planners by telex or by fax - typically in the Far

Managing your Career Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing your Career - Coursework Example Goals, n.d.). Finally, a career timeline would also be presented to provide an overview of how one sees professional growth within the organizational setting. Self-reflective Personal SWOT Analysis Based on one’s personal assessment of employability skills, the following are hereby categorized as one’s personal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats SWOT, as presented below: Strengths: Due to the course modules taken as part of the business degree program, one’s personal assessment has identified strengths in self-management, communication and literacy, as well as possessing a positive (can-do) attitude. Self Management Strengths in self-management were developed through practicing prioritization of academic activities and balancing school and life endeavors. There is no need for constant reminder to do required tasks and responsibilities. One developed and designed an effective system for managing tasks through a personal diary and calendar of activiti es which are frequently reviewed, noted on which tasks have been duly accomplished, which ones need to be scheduled next, and which ones are urgent and need to be addressed immediately. One recognizes that organizations require personnel who have innate initiatives and abilities to organize and adhere to roles and responsibilities defined to be accomplished within stipulated time frames. †¢ Communication and literacy Through courses taken in English and human behavior in organization modules that emphasize communication in organizational settings; in conjunction with regular interpersonal correspondences using verbal and non-verbal modes of communication through daily interaction with students, teachers, and administrative staff, one definitely identifies having gained competency and strengths in communication. The skills gained in English courses included observing and acknowledging grammatical rules, writing business correspondences, communicating with various stakeholders, a nd understanding diversity in language through non-verbal communication patterns. †¢ Positive (can-do) attitude The optimistic behavior and assuming a positive outlook in life has been inculcated since early development years. As such, one developed strengths in defining personal and professional goals and design strategies that assist in achieving these goals. Likewise, through various academic challenges, one learned to be resilient and acknowledge that failure is part of life. One is therefore not intimidated to face difficulties and challenges and take these situations as means to develop strengths in personal outlook and in learning through adversities. Weaknesses: With one’s academic background and limited work experience, one acknowledged that there are still weaknesses in terms of applications of theoretical frameworks, specifically in areas of numeracy and advanced information technology. Application of numeracy So far, one was able to develop the needed theoret ical framework for numeracy from previous academic backgrounds that delved into subjects such as mathematics, statistics, and college algebra. Basic courses in accounting, finance and quantitative methods likewise provided knowledge on numeracy. However, applications of th

Reflection essay Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection essay - Case Study Example In many instances, organizations are not able to cater to the social responsibilities because of the huge pressure in corporate sector by the shareholders (Mickels, 2009). By registering as a Benefit corporation, an organization can project them as a business which also has the aim of developing a better society, such as the Good Capital LLC mentioned in the case, where investment is also carried out to provide solutions to some of the challenging problems faced by the society. Therefore, the biggest advantage is that both the society as well as the organization benefits. It also provides encouragement to a generation of entrepreneur who can share benefits with the society, without having to fear about the lawsuits or lack of support from the shareholders (Reiser, 2012). However, there are certain disadvantages also; where by Benefit corporates can get sued by if it fails to take the steps for the benefit of the society as per the state laws (Reiser, 2012). If the status of Benefit corporations is given to organizations, it is mandated that they take solid steps towards the social cause they are committed to (Reiser, 2012). Additionally, it also has a high risk of abuse as powerful leaders may use it to mask their follies (Katz and Page, 2010). Hence, it is appropriate only for those businesses that are fully committed to both social causes as well as to their shareholders. The issue of abuse also leads to the question of ethics in Benefit corporations. As the potential of misusing is high, because the losses can be easily masked out as investment for fulfilling the social causes, it is necessary to have rigorous testing standards so that organizations cannot take undue advantage in the pretext of being a Benefit organization (Reiser, 2012). In addition, an organization should give equal priority to its organizational mission as well as the social cause undertaken, so that it can commit fully to

Pump Definition Essay Example for Free

Pump Definition Essay A pump is a mechanical device used to transport liquids or gases from one location of lower pressure to another location of higher pressure. Energy is added to the entire system in order to overcome the difference in pressure. Mechanical forces are present in the functioning of pumps as the liquid or gas being transported is either lifted physically or moved through compression forces. Gas pumps most often use compression forces and are usually called compressors except in cases wherein fans or blowers are utilized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many types of pumps and the very first pump dates back to the 7th century B.C. as described by Archimedes. This pump, the Archimedes screw, was utilized in the water systems of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Al-Jazari (1973) was one of the most popular people in the world of pumps as he illustrated and described many different types of pumps such as the reciprocating pump, the double-action pump with pipes for suctioning, the water pump, and the piston pump.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today, pumps are usually categorized into two different divisions: positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps. These categories are descriptive of how these pumps work. Positive displacement pumps trap the substance to be transporated in one location called the inlet pressur section and then force it to be displaced to the discharge pipe. Subcategories of positive displacement pumps include the rotary pumps, the metering pumps, and the reciprocating pumps. Rotodynamic pumps, on the other hand, utilize bladed impellers whose rotation within the fluid creates a tangential acceleration of the fluid which in turn creates an energy increase that supports the transport of the substance. Rotodynamic pumps are subcategorized as kinetic pumps and centrifugal pumps. Other special types of pumps include jet pumps, viscous drag pumps, double volute pumps, chopper pumps, rotating casing pumps, recessed impeller pumps, self-priming pumps, slurry pumps, and sludge pumps. (Chaurette, 2004)   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From left to right: double volute pump design, typical jet pump, venture action of a jet pump (Source: Chaurette, 2004)             In the processing industry, pumps have many different applications. The pumps in processing industries are used to transport the raw materials from one location to another. This may involve the transport of ink, pigment, and paint in chemical processing. In the sugar processing industry, pumps are utilized in material transfer from the raw juice, to the cush-cush, to the lime slurry aspects of processing and even more. Pumps are also used in livestock processing as evidenced by its use in feed distribution.   In agricultural processing, pumps are most often the key machines involved in the transport of water. This is very similar to the use of the first noted pump for the water systems of Babylon. These not only include distribution of water in the system but also the elimination of wastewater from the system. This links with another application of pumps, sewage management as seen in the pumps application for grit removal, waste-activated sludge removal and the like. The ideal feature that pumps provide processing industries is the option of bulk transfer. This speeds up the processing time and allows for a more cost-efficient system. Over-all the simple physical mechanics of a pump have been utilized to create numerous types and designs that have been able to improve the operation of the processing industry. Pumps are now an essential part of processing. Soon, new innovations in pump design will surface as a result of the processing industries demand for higher efficiency. References Al-Jazari, I. (1973). The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices  : Kità ¡b fà ­ marifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya, translated by P. Hill. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company Chaurette, J. (2004). Specialty Pumps. Fluide Design Inc. Retrieved 25 March 2008 from www.fluidedesign.com