Labpaq Scientific Method Essay - 1164 Words

The Scientific Method Portland Community College Staff* Version 42-0207-00-01 Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. obseRvations Data Table 1: Making Observations | Procedure†¦show more content†¦The pieces were clearer and sharper looking than the original rock salt. 2. Describe the initial observations made when several drops of water were added to few particles rock salt and the observations made several minutes later. Initially, the rock salt partially dissolved in the drops of water. After several minutes, the salt was more dissolved, but had not completely dissolved. There were very fine grains of salt that were visible at the base of the water bubble that hadn’t dissolved. 3. In light of these observations, what can be concluded about salt? Salt can be broken down and dissolved by water, but not in high concentrations. C. Do all the grains of sand look like they are made out of the same material? No. 1. Propose a hypothesis to explain the observed appearance of sand. Sand is a conglomeration of rocks and stones that have been broken down into sediments. 2. Describe what was initially observed when several drops of water were added to several grains of sand and the observations made several minutes later. Initially, when water was added to sand, the sand was unchanged. After several minutes, the sand continued to appear unchanged. 3. In light of these observations, what can be concluded about sand? Sand cannot be dissolved into water. D. The water and oil acted differently on the reaction surface. Propose a hypothesis that explains the different behavior ofShow MoreRelatedEssay scientific method1136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿LAB 1 – THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD *Adapted from LabPaq CK-GCC Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to learn about and use the Scientific Method. The discussion of physical properties such as density, color, texture, smell, and solubility will take place. Observations and Experimental Data: Table 1: Making Observations Procedure Observation A. Torn paper Vertical tear: easier to tear, more visible fibers, more jagged edges and uneven tear. Horizontal tear: harder to tearRead MoreEssay Laboratory: Left-handedness and Experiment2540 Words   |  11 PagesCollege Science MajorFirst Semester COPY OR SAVE TO A WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM to fill out and hand in to your instructor Name:: October 4, 2012 On which page of the complete LabPaq manual does The Cycle of Scientific Inquiry figure appear? Answer: Page 3 LABORATORY 1 Work Area:Research and The Scientific Method Exercise 1-1: The Dominant Thumb Experiment: Results: During the background examination of the literature, what was discovered about what is already known concerning thisRead MorePolitical Science Essay18429 Words   |  74 PagesBiology LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@HOLscience.com / www.HOLscience.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the independent Study of general Biology 50-0053-BK-02 LabPaq ® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole useRead MoreEssay about Basic Chemistry for Investigating Living Systems7868 Words   |  32 Pagesstarches, and lipids; to identify the roles of molecular components in living systems; to comprehend the value of using a systematic approach to research; and to describe why hypotheses, controls, standards, and quality control are important in scientific research (Vorndam, 2002, p. 92). Basic Chemistry for Investigating Living Systems Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to explain how colorimetry can be used to qualitatively detect cellular chemical components; to chemically differentiate

Yoga Helps with Ptsd - 1176 Words

Breathing-Based Meditation Decreases Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in U.S. Military Veterans: A Randomized Controlled Longitudinal Study Beverly Hinderliter A growing body of evidence suggests meditation-based interventions have the potential to reduce symptoms and improve well-being (Marchand, 2013 for review; Mitchell et al., 2014). The Stanford University study entitled Breathing-Based Meditation Decreased Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in U.S. Military Veterans: A Randomized Controlled Longitudinal Study explores the effects of Sudarshan Kriya yoga, a meditation-based therapy, on U.S. military veterans with PTSD symptoms having served in Iraq and Afghanistan. â€Å"We selected Sudarshan Kriya yoga because it has†¦show more content†¦These criteria account for the controlled nature of the study. A total of twenty-one people were selected. An effective computer-generated randomization list was then used for the intake process to assign qualifying participants to each group: the control group and the group doing Sudarshan Kriya yoga, observed over seven days. Varying factors among groups, such as combat exposure, age, education, and ethnicity were similar and seemingly even spread throughout. The sample of veterans is adequate in the sense that it is random and controlled, so there is a variety of real-life PTSD veterans from the field with different experiences and matching criteria being studied. Ideally, there’d be more than twenty-one participants in order to have a better representation of the veteran population but it was probably difficult to retrieve without effecting the quality of the study. The sample is also adequate because all controlled eligibility factors were proven during the screening process (substance use, age, etc.). The results showed that there is a relationship between time spent doing breathing-based meditation and decrease in PTSD symptoms, but this doesn’t account for all other factors that could effect lowered PTSD symptoms during the study or how the men experienced the yoga. Therefore, this is a correlational study, not a causal experiment. It can probably be assumed that this therapy helps a variety of male veterans decrease their PTSD symptoms, but does notShow MoreRelatedPtsd Research Paper1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe Perceptions and Treatment of PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has severely affected the lives of countless military veterans throughout the years. Consequently, there likely are many more PTSD cases that exist and go unreported, or misdiagnosed due to misconceptions when reported (Samuelson, Bartel, Jordan, Valadez, 2017). To this extent, I am going to discuss my views on two articles. The first article explains the patient’s perceptions of PTSD symptoms. The second article explainsRead MoreSoldiers and PTSD Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesare both unique and difficult†. Hence, it is not surprising that soldiers returning from a stressful war environment often suffer from a psychological condition called Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. This paper provides a historical perspective of PTSD affecting soldiers, and how this illness has often been ignored. In addition, the this paper examines the cause and diagnosis of the illness, the changes of functional strengths and limitations, the overal l effects this disease may have on soldiersRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1275 Words   |  6 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be defined as â€Å" a complex disorder in which a person’s memory, emotional responses, intellectual process, and nervous system have been disrupted by one or more traumatic experiences†(Swan Persis, 2016). It is trauma and stressor related, a disorder that depends on a factor outside a person. Types of events that can lead to the development of PTSD include physical assault, rape and sexual assault, military combat, torture, mass violence, natural disastersRead MoreIdentifying The Individuals Who Will Be Involved1209 Words   |  5 PagesIdentifying the individuals who will be involved: The individuals involved are male and female military services members who exhibit symptoms of PTSD. These members can be age 18 years old – 70 years old. Assess the needs of those involved: When dealing with PTSD, it is important that the disorder is recognized in order to have effective treatment. Recognition can occur by primary care physician, in general hospital setting, mental health evaluation, screening and assessment after deploymentRead MoreThe Lord Is My Rock, My Fortress And My Deliverer1161 Words   |  5 Pagesall, like sheep, have gone astray, each of us has turned to our own way; and the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all. It is so easy to give up on what you are working towards, especially if it is difficult. Those who experience PTSD turn back to depression, drugs, alcohol, and other harmful self-destructing outlets. Although we do not know how Matthew s story ended, we do know he took his wife s advice and sought out treatment for his problems. He had to if he wanted things to get betterRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1062 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD History, Diagnosis, Presentation and Neurology and EEG and treatment Even though traumatic experiences were first discussed in the context of patients with hysteria , which had both psychological and somatic symptoms, by Freud, William James, and Pierre Janet, it was not until World war I that trauma was identified as a factor in mental health disorders by the professional mental health community. (Herman, 1997).Post-traumatic Stress Disorder was first incorporatedRead MoreA Longitudinal Analysis Of Diet Quality Scores981 Words   |  4 Pages2016. A federal survey was conducted to find that in the USA one third of adults and twelve percent of children use alternative medicine. The most commonly used forms of alternative medicine found through this survey were acupuncture, herbal remedies, yoga, and vitamins/supplements. Several people in the article told their opinion on alternative medicine which is irrelevant but they made the comment that such fields should be further examined for accurate facts of their effectiveness and for what theyRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Physical Health1655 Words   |  7 Pagesregular bedtime routine to maximize relaxation and decrease mentally demanding work. As well as incorporating relaxation techniques, laughter therapy, massages and yoga—which is one of the most therapeutic cleansing techniques—to help clear the mind and filter out negative energy or stressors that can take a drastic toll on the body. Seeking help or counseling is also a great coping strategy— resea rchers Keo and Craigie (2013) of Evaluating students interpreters’ stress and coping strategies suggests.Read MoreThe Treatment Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder1174 Words   |  5 Pagesposttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military members. In addition to considerations of effectiveness, clinicians should consider access to services, availability, training and patient preferences when choosing an evidence-based treatment option. Early intervention after exposure to trauma may prevent the development of PTSD. Evidence suggests that brief (four to five sessions) cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that includes an exposure-based therapy component may help prevent PTSD. Group interventionsRead MoreEndorphins : A Popular Topic With Brain And Someone s Mood1290 Words   |  6 Pagesnot released when witting on the couch. Exercise also helps to create a high content of other chemicals in the brain, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, all which regulate the body and brain in different ways (Collins). Serotonin livens a person’s mood, while also helping to regulate sleep, develop their memory and learning abilities, and create or maintain certain social behaviors (Bouchez). Increased levels of these chemicals help people with mental illnesses respond to stressful situations

Juan Gris Essay Example For Students

Juan Gris Essay Juan Gris Juan Gris was born in 1887. He was a Spanish born French painter who went to the cubist school. Originally his name was Jose Vittoriano Gonzalez, he was born in Madrid and educated there. He left Madrid in 1906 and went to Paris, making the acquaintance of Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and of the French painter Georges Braque. Griss first cubist paintings, generally more calculated than those of Picasso and Braque, appeared in 1912. He spent the next summer in C?et, France, with Picasso, and while there adopted the use of papier coll? shapes cut from paper and glued to the canvas. During World War I (1914-1918) he worked in Paris he had his first one-man exhibition in Paris in 1919. From 1922 to 1924 he designed settings for two ballets of the Russian producer Sergey Diaghilev, Les tentations de la berg?e (The Temptations of the Shepherdess) and La colombe (The Dove), as well as continuing work on his own paintings. After 1925 he worked mainly on gouaches, watercolors, and i llustrations for books. Some of his famous works include Portait of Josee, The Table and The Open window. Portrait of Josette was created in 1916 and is now in the Musea del in Prado, Madrid. This was deffinetly one of Griss greatest achievements. The portrait of Josette is based on his studies after Corot and Cezanne. To perfection he seemed to create a stunning mixture of the foreground and the background. This beauty is accomplished through color patterns that ensemble different spatial planes. The blacks which are used around the bosom, butox and leg are used to enhance this womens shapely figure. The transparency does not result in an illusion of depth instead it acts as something to join the planes together. The table was created in Spring of 1914. Today it is located in Philadelphia in the Museum of Art. The surfaces of collages such as The Table are nearly entirely covered with a wide variety of overlapping papers. These fragments, moreover, are now deployed in increasingly complex ways: the shape of a piece of paper may correspond to the shape of the depicted object or it may it self provide a ground for figuration, whether drawn, painted, or in the form of additional, superimposed collage elements. And Gris continued to appropriate materials for their literal representational function as mere images, as he had in his earliest collages. In The Table, for example, Gris glued a page of a detective novel to his drawing of an open book and part of a real newspaper headline to his canvas in hope of imitating these images with pencil or paintbrush. But these collage elements also take on a metaphoric value: the spectators attempt to distinguish the true and the false (alluded to in the newspaper clipping) from the myriad paradoxical and contradictory clues contained in the collage may be compared (not without some humor) to the investigative work of the detective in the novel. Whereas Picasso had demonstrated the multiplicity of ways in which the material aspect of a signifier is not transparent to its signified, Gris sought to show the coincidence of substance a nd meaning. For Gris, the transparency of glass was embodied (rather than arbitrarily signified) in the transparency of a paper whose two faces had merged and become one. Transparency, however, is always contingent on the.. presence of light. Gris made this clear in The Table by dividing his composition into two, antithetical zones a dark blue and black peripheral zone is spotlighted by an oval field in the center. The projecting edges of the rectangular table in all four corners of the canvas have been constructed by pasting thin paper to the canvas ground and then painting both the paper and remaining canvas with the same dark blue paint. Shading, executed in charcoal over the paint, brings these nearly obliterated differences in texture to the threshold of visibility. In dramatic contrast, the golden tonality that pervades the central oval allows for a wide range of differences in material textures, patterns, weight, and color as well as subtleties of drawing to be perceived. .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .postImageUrl , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:hover , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:visited , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:active { border:0!important; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:active , .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06 .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6d42cf7b99b98f958a2dfa36224ea06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Journey Towards Maturity And Identity EssayIn The Table, Gris represents the still life table as both an upright oval, which coheres to the vertical plane of the canvas, and as a rectangular table receding in depth. Although the disparity in point of view might be explained as an attempt to give the spectator more information about the table than a single view could provide, the contradiction between an oval and a rectangular table can only work to undermine the spectators confidence that any information at all about the table has been provided. This opposition, long central to Picassos still lives, Gris adapted to good effect in The Table, although in doing so he gave i t a new burden of meaning: the metaphorical opposition between a realm of shadows and a realm filled with light. In 1921 The Open Window was created and today is part of the M.Meyer collection in Zurich. Living beside the sea at Bandol in 1921, Gris had diverse reactions to the setting. It was sinister, beautiful, and sad. So moved was he that the theme of the open window dominated his production that year. In the first of these works, The Open Window, Gris returned to the metaphoric conception of Place Ravignan. That is, the interior and exterior spaces are distinct. Instead of a still life before a window, however, Gris discovered an archetypical subject for him, the musical instrument before nature. Though no text exists to make this combination a conventionally recognized allegory, the two principal components have long traditions in art history and in Griss own evolution. We may, thus, speak of a private system of symbols in this case. Again, Griss friendship with Matisse may h ave intervened, for until the later paintings of 1917, an instrument before a window did not exist in the history of the window motif in art, although it was hinted at in allegories of the senses. The interior, characterized by music, is evocative of the human world of art and intellect. The landscape has direct, visual, and sensuous qualities typical of nature. There is perhaps implicit a yearning for that natural simplicity. Potential for a merger is shown by the rhythmic repetition of curves in the guitar and mountains and in the cloud that begins to enter the room. Before this research of Juan Gris I did not realize what a master he was in his creations. It really introduced me to a new form of art. Juan Griss art was different then the other masters I looked at. He uses such originality and perfection in most of his work. This project really opened my eyes to the magnificent world of Juan Gris.

Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities Essay Example

Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities Essay Imagine a world where people give of themselves simply because they want to. Not out of a sense of debt. Or because they want something in return. No ulterior motives. No guilt feelings. Just a desire to give for the sake of giving. Imagine a world where people helping their fellow human beings in distress, and going out of the way to help those in need without expectation of personal gain. Well if youre living in a big and mean city such as Sydney, New York or to that matter in any cities of this present world, it would be really really difficult for you to imagine this kind of world, on the other hand if you were from a rural background or from any of the collectivist cultures, where people have a sense of belongingness toward their society and feel that its their duty to help others without any self gain and due to various other factors discussed in the following essay about why its easier to bear witness to altruistic behaviour in rural places than in cities, imagining this kind of world would not that be that hard, if you were actually from a rural background. Defining altruism: A special form of helping behaviour, sometimes costly, that shows concern for fellow human beings and is performed without expectations of personal gain (Vaughan and Hogg, 2002). Altruism is a subcategory of helping behaviour, and refers to an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another rather than oneself (Batson and Coke, 1981; Macaulay and Berkowitz, 1970). We will write a custom essay sample on Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is altruism or helping behaviour decreasing as people live in larger and more dangerous cities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term altruism comes from an Italian word altrui it was coined by a French philosopher Auguste Comte that meant self-sacrifice for the benefit for others Researchers usually refer to acts that benefit another person as prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour or altruistic behaviour, all though people use these three terms as synonyms these three terms are quite different and distinct. Prosocial behaviour refers to acts that are positively valued by society, Helping behaviour can be defined as an intentional act that benefits another living being or group whereas Altruism refers to an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another rather than oneself. If you are living in a big city, chances are that you may rarely or never bear witness to or be part of these acts. If you were looking at any city of the world the typical characteristics you would note in a city would be huge population, fast and stressful life, high cost of living, long distances to travel, pollution and the most important factor is loss of sense of belongingness, most of the people living in a city would be originally from rural background and in search of better job avenues would have shifted to city few decades back and these people who constitute the majority of the city population dont have this feeling of belongingness, they dont really feel that they are a part of the society and hence whenever a situation arises where others require their assistance they usually turn there back and behave as if nothing happened. Its only during the 1950s social psychologist started doing research into helping behaviour and in the past few decades they have learned a great deal about prosocial and antisocial behaviour. Altruism and prosocial behaviour generated great interest among psychologists and general public and some of the following events provided major impetus to this research, these incidents which shook the major cities of the world such as Kitty Genovese Murder, where a young woman named Catherine Genovese also came to be known as Kitty Genovese who lived in Kew Gardens in the boroughs of Queens in NYC, was sexually molested and murdered in the most gruesome manner by a maniac right outside her apartment, the most disturbing fact was that it in spite of Kitty putting up a struggle for almost half-hour nobody came to her rescue, it took the maniac three attempts to kill her, during the first attempt the murder all most took to heals after Kitty raised an alarm, but the maniac noticed that nobody came to her rescue, this encouraged the maniac to attempt again and again and finally succeeded in sexually molesting and killing her, in that horrible half hour none of the neighbours of Kitty G enovese came to her rescue, several people in her building heard her screams, tenants only peeped at what was happening from the safety of their apartments, the maniac had selected the victim purely at random. The whole event had lasted for around 32 minutes and after about 40 minutes a neighbour of Catherine, named Karl Ross, who lived on the same floor as Catherine called the police only after consulting one of his friends from Nassau County, the cops arrived in two minutes but it was too late, the quickly found Catherines body in the hallway on the first floor. She had been stabbed 17 times. The next day when the police interviewed the areas residents, 38 people openly admitted to hearing the screaming, the had all the time to do something but failed to act, If any one of the 38 witnesses had simply called the police at the first sign of trouble, the victim could have survived, this particular tragic and horrific event received national media attention in America, all asking why none of the neighbours had helped? To which one of the neighbour answered, These things happen every day all over the world,. Similar incidents occur regularly in metropolitan cities, recently a video cameraman captured scenes of apathy among fellow travelers after a train ranover Mahendra Sonawanes left leg when he slipped from an overcrowded train on to the tracks. The 27-year-old lay there for 15 minutes before police arrived to lift him up and take him to hospital. I kept shouting out to people standing on the platform. I pleaded with them to lift me up and put me on the platform but no one listened, Mr Sonawane told BBC News Online. They all kept staring but didnt come to my help. (bbcnews. com, accessed on 8/04) In an another dreadful incident young Jayabala Ashar a college student in a metropolitan city, took a train to go to her college and was travelling in a womens compartment, a drug addict who boarded the train the moment it pulled out of the station, accosted her. When Jayabala courageously refused to give in to the ruffians demand to hand over her bag, he threw Jayabala off the train. She fell on the tracks and the train ran over her lower limbs, changing her life forever. What struck Jayabala the most, as she revealed later, was the indifference of the three women who were in the compartment when she was thrown off the train. Not only did these women not come to her rescue when she was trying to ward off the drug addict, they did not even raise an alarm when she was thrown off the train. As a result, an injured Jayabala was lying on the tracks for about an hour and people were just throwing buckets of water at her from houses nearby the railways tracks and during that dreadful hour and only later few women living in buildings near the tracks came to her rescue. (The Times Of India, Accessed on 8/04). Beginning in April of 1964, New York newspapers printed a series of stories highlighting the apathy and callousness of citizens of New York City. One story, which appeared on June 8 in The Daily News, told of a distraught man who was perched on a 10-story ledge of a Broadway office building. As police tried to talk the man down, a large crowd gathered in the street and chanted, Jump! Jump! When the man was finally pulled off the ledge, the crowd loudly booed the cops (crime libraries, accessed 08/04) But were people in big cities more apathetic, colder and indifferent than others in more rural environments? Or was the Kitty Genovese Syndrome, as some psychologists characterized it, indicative of society as a whole? The answer to this question can be given in the following way as cities keep growing everyday in both area and population enormously there are very few models, in sense individuals who exhibit Altruistic behavior and from whom others can learn to act pro-socially as stated in Vaughan and Hogg(2002) that Modeling is a tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real life or symbolic model and due to stress full and a hectic life in a city there are very few models available, apart from this Vaughan and Hogg(2002) explains us about the social learning theory in which it is stated that human social behavior is not innate but learned from appropriate models, this makes it clear that unless the large cities produces models who exhibit pro-social behavior in large numbers situations like Kitty Genovese murder will keep occurring at regular intervals due to absence of appropriate models in large cities. The cities also exhibit the phenomenon called Bystander Effect. This theory speculates that as the number of bystanders increases, the likelihood of any one bystander helping another decreases. As a result, additional time will pass before anyone seeks outside help for a person in distress. Social psychology research supports the notion that Catherine Genovese had a better chance of survival if she had been attacked in the presence of just one witness. Due to huge population in big cities there is better chance of Bystanders Effect taking place there than anywhere else. Another hypothesis is something called the Diffusion of Responsibility. This is simply a decrease in the feeling of personal responsibility one feels when in the presence of many other people. The greater the number of bystanders, the less responsibility the individual feels. In cases where there are many people present during an emergency, it becomes much more likely that any one individual will simply do nothing. This is a hypothesized cause of the bystander effect. Also in big growing cities people tend to be less pro-social due to the fear of social blunders as given in Vaughan and Hogg(2002) that people dread of acting inappropriately or of making a foolish mistake witnessed by others. The desire to avoid ridicule inhibits effective responses to an emergency by members of a group. Would a situation like the Kitty Genovese murder occur in more collectivist cultures such as Singapore or Hong Kong? In collectivist cultures such as Singapore, Hong Kong, India and others, cases such as the Kitty Genovese murder almost never or rarely occur, this is due to the presence of strong cultural norms and due the ideas imbibed into its people that individuals fate depends on the group, group is responsible for its members, dependency is supported and due to the presence of strong cultural and social norms, Vaughan and Hogg define norms as attitudinal and behavioral uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between group(Vaughan and Hogg,2002). These cultural norms set clear cut guidelines about what behavior is expected or normal and what behavior is abnormal and almost all collectivist cultures have a norm that states that concerns for others is good and that selfishness is bad. The collectivist cultures go against the Bystander calculus model where people of that collectivist cultures never calculate the perceived costs and benefits of providing help compared with those that accrue for not helping. In a collectivist cultures personal costs of not helping is usually very high, and the individuals who tend to just be viewers and dont help the victims in distress can be subjected to criticism and experience extreme blame. Hence due to all the above reasons there is a major rural/urban difference in altruistic behaviours and attitudes.